Linux基础学习-NFS网络文件系统实时文件共享
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2022-04-13 10:18:22
NFS网络文件系统 如果大家觉得Samba服务程序的配置太麻烦了,那么你共享文件的主机都是Linux系统，那么推荐大家在客户端部署nfs服务来共享文件.nfs（网络文件系统）服务可以将远程Linux系统上的文件共享资源挂载到本地主机的目录上，从而使得本地主机客户端基于TCP/IP协议,像是用本地主机 ......
nfs网络文件系统
如果大家觉得samba服务程序的配置太麻烦了,那么你共享文件的主机都是linux系统，那么推荐大家在客户端部署nfs服务来共享文件.nfs（网络文件系统）服务可以将远程linux系统上的文件共享资源挂载到本地主机的目录上，从而使得本地主机客户端基于tcp/ip协议,像是用本地主机上的资源那样读写远程linux系统上的共享文件.
实验环境
| 主机 | 操作系统 | ip地址 |
|---|---|---|
| nfs服务器 | rhel7.4 | 192.168.56.15 |
| nfs客户端 | centos7.4 | 192.168.56.5 |
前期准备这里我把防火墙以及selinux都给关闭了.
1 安装 nfs-server 使用 yum install nfs-utils rpcbind -y 命令.
[root@qdlinux ~]# yum install -y nfs-utils rpcbind loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager this system is not registered with an entitlement server. you can use subscription-manager to register. dvd | 4.1 kb 00:00:00 resolving dependencies --> running transaction check ---> package nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.3.0-0.48.el7 will be installed --> processing dependency: gssproxy >= 0.7.0-3 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libtirpc >= 0.2.4-0.7 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libevent for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libnfsidmap for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: quota for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libevent-2.0.so.5()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libnfsidmap.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libtirpc.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 ---> package rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-42.el7 will be installed --> running transaction check ---> package gssproxy.x86_64 0:0.7.0-4.el7 will be installed --> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3(ini_config_1.1.0)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3(ini_config_1.2.0)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libref_array.so.1(ref_array_0.1.1)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libverto-module-base for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libbasicobjects.so.0()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libcollection.so.2()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libref_array.so.1()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 ---> package libevent.x86_64 0:2.0.21-4.el7 will be installed ---> package libnfsidmap.x86_64 0:0.25-17.el7 will be installed ---> package libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.10.el7 will be installed ---> package quota.x86_64 1:4.01-14.el7 will be installed --> processing dependency: quota-nls = 1:4.01-14.el7 for package: 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: tcp_wrappers for package: 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64 --> running transaction check ---> package libbasicobjects.x86_64 0:0.1.1-27.el7 will be installed ---> package libcollection.x86_64 0:0.6.2-27.el7 will be installed ---> package libini_config.x86_64 0:1.3.0-27.el7 will be installed --> processing dependency: libpath_utils.so.1(path_utils_0.2.1)(64bit) for package: libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libpath_utils.so.1()(64bit) for package: libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64 ---> package libref_array.x86_64 0:0.1.5-27.el7 will be installed ---> package libverto-tevent.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 will be installed ---> package quota-nls.noarch 1:4.01-14.el7 will be installed ---> package tcp_wrappers.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7 will be installed --> running transaction check ---> package libpath_utils.x86_64 0:0.2.1-27.el7 will be installed --> finished dependency resolution dependencies resolved ================================================================================================================= package arch version repository size ================================================================================================================= installing: nfs-utils x86_64 1:1.3.0-0.48.el7 dvd 398 k rpcbind x86_64 0.2.0-42.el7 dvd 59 k installing for dependencies: gssproxy x86_64 0.7.0-4.el7 dvd 105 k libbasicobjects x86_64 0.1.1-27.el7 dvd 25 k libcollection x86_64 0.6.2-27.el7 dvd 41 k libevent x86_64 2.0.21-4.el7 dvd 214 k libini_config x86_64 1.3.0-27.el7 dvd 63 k libnfsidmap x86_64 0.25-17.el7 dvd 49 k libpath_utils x86_64 0.2.1-27.el7 dvd 27 k libref_array x86_64 0.1.5-27.el7 dvd 26 k libtirpc x86_64 0.2.4-0.10.el7 dvd 89 k libverto-tevent x86_64 0.2.5-4.el7 dvd 9.0 k quota x86_64 1:4.01-14.el7 dvd 179 k quota-nls noarch 1:4.01-14.el7 dvd 91 k tcp_wrappers x86_64 7.6-77.el7 dvd 79 k transaction summary ================================================================================================================= install 2 packages (+13 dependent packages) total download size: 1.4 m installed size: 4.1 m downloading packages: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 2.5 mb/s | 1.4 mb 00:00:00 running transaction check running transaction test transaction test succeeded running transaction installing : libref_array-0.1.5-27.el7.x86_64 1/15 installing : libcollection-0.6.2-27.el7.x86_64 2/15 installing : libbasicobjects-0.1.1-27.el7.x86_64 3/15 installing : libtirpc-0.2.4-0.10.el7.x86_64 4/15 installing : rpcbind-0.2.0-42.el7.x86_64 5/15 installing : 1:quota-nls-4.01-14.el7.noarch 6/15 installing : libpath_utils-0.2.1-27.el7.x86_64 7/15 installing : libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64 8/15 installing : tcp_wrappers-7.6-77.el7.x86_64 9/15 installing : 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64 10/15 installing : libevent-2.0.21-4.el7.x86_64 11/15 installing : libnfsidmap-0.25-17.el7.x86_64 12/15 installing : libverto-tevent-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64 13/15 installing : gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 14/15 installing : 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 15/15 verifying : libverto-tevent-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64 1/15 verifying : rpcbind-0.2.0-42.el7.x86_64 2/15 verifying : 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64 3/15 verifying : libtirpc-0.2.4-0.10.el7.x86_64 4/15 verifying : libnfsidmap-0.25-17.el7.x86_64 5/15 verifying : libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64 6/15 verifying : libbasicobjects-0.1.1-27.el7.x86_64 7/15 verifying : libevent-2.0.21-4.el7.x86_64 8/15 verifying : tcp_wrappers-7.6-77.el7.x86_64 9/15 verifying : libpath_utils-0.2.1-27.el7.x86_64 10/15 verifying : 1:quota-nls-4.01-14.el7.noarch 11/15 verifying : gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64 12/15 verifying : libcollection-0.6.2-27.el7.x86_64 13/15 verifying : libref_array-0.1.5-27.el7.x86_64 14/15 verifying : 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64 15/15 installed: nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.3.0-0.48.el7 rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-42.el7 dependency installed: gssproxy.x86_64 0:0.7.0-4.el7 libbasicobjects.x86_64 0:0.1.1-27.el7 libcollection.x86_64 0:0.6.2-27.el7 libevent.x86_64 0:2.0.21-4.el7 libini_config.x86_64 0:1.3.0-27.el7 libnfsidmap.x86_64 0:0.25-17.el7 libpath_utils.x86_64 0:0.2.1-27.el7 libref_array.x86_64 0:0.1.5-27.el7 libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.10.el7 libverto-tevent.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 quota.x86_64 1:4.01-14.el7 quota-nls.noarch 1:4.01-14.el7 tcp_wrappers.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7 complete!
2 启动 nfs-server
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start rpcbind [root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl enable rpcbind [root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start nfs-server.service [root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl enable nfs-server.service created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nfs-server.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service.
启动和启用nfs服务程序,由于在使用nfs服务进行文件共享之前,需要使用rpc(remote procedure call,远程过程调用),服务将nfs服务器的ip地址和端口号等信息发送给客户端.因此,在启动nfs服务之前,还需要顺带重启并启动rpcbind服务,这里将两个服务一并加入到开机启动项中.
3 可以使用 rpcbind -p 查看一下注册的信息.
[root@qdlinux ~]# rpcinfo -p
program vers proto port service
100000 4 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 3 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 4 udp 111 portmapper
100000 3 udp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100024 1 udp 43946 status
100024 1 tcp 38188 status
100005 1 udp 20048 mountd
100005 1 tcp 20048 mountd
100005 2 udp 20048 mountd
100005 2 tcp 20048 mountd
100005 3 udp 20048 mountd
100005 3 tcp 20048 mountd
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 4 tcp 2049 nfs
100227 3 tcp 2049 nfs_acl
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 4 udp 2049 nfs
100227 3 udp 2049 nfs_acl
100021 1 udp 35724 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 35724 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 35724 nlockmgr
100021 1 tcp 44097 nlockmgr
100021 3 tcp 44097 nlockmgr
100021 4 tcp 44097 nlockmgr
4 查看系统相关进程信息
[root@qdlinux ~]# ps -ef | egrep "rpc|nfs" rpc 1959 1 0 16:37 ? 00:00:00 /sbin/rpcbind -w rpcuser 2039 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.statd root 2047 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [rpciod] root 2057 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd root 2058 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.idmapd root 2068 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd4_callbacks] root 2074 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2075 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2076 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2077 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2078 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2079 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2080 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2081 2 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd] root 2135 1633 0 16:52 pts/0 00:00:00 grep -e --color=auto rpc|nfs
5 nfs服务端配置共享目录
| 参数 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| ro | 只读 |
| rw | 读写 |
| root_squash | 当nfs客户端以root管理员访问时,映射为nfs服务器的匿名用户 |
| no_root_squash | 当nfs客户端以root管理员访问时,映射为nfs服务器的root管理员 |
| all_squash | 无论nfs客户端使用什么账户访问,均映射为nfs服务器的匿名用户 |
| sync | 同时将数据写入到内存与硬盘中,保证不丢失数据 |
| async | 优先将数据保存到内存,然后再写入到硬盘,这样效率更高,但可能会丢失数据 |
[root@qdlinux ~]# vim /etc/exports /nfsfile 192.168.56.*(rw,sync,all_squash) //创建需要共享的目录 [root@qdlinux ~]# mkdir /nfsfile [root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl restart nfs-server.service [root@qdlinux ~]# cat /var/lib/nfs/etab /nfsfile 192.168.56.*(rw,sync,wdelay,hide,nocrossmnt,secure,root_squash,all_squash,no_subtree_check,secure_locks,acl,no_pnfs,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534,sec=sys,secure,root_squash,all_squash) //查看一下id=65534是哪一个用户 [root@qdlinux ~]# grep "65534" /etc/passwd nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:anonymous nfs user:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin //修改一下`/nfsfile`的权限,这里也可以把目录所属主和所属组改为nfsnobody或者直接给成777权限 [root@qdlinux ~]# chmod -rf nfsnobody:nfsnobody /nfsfile/ //在目录下写入一个文件用于测试 [root@qdlinux ~]# echo "welecome to qdlinux" > /nfsfile/readme [root@qdlinux ~]# ll /nfsfile/ total 4 -rw-r--rwx 1 root root 20 aug 16 17:30 readme [root@qdlinux ~]#
nfs客户端的配置步骤十分简单,先使用 showmount 命令查询nfs服务器的远程共享信息,其输出格式为"共享的目录名称 允许使用客户端地址".
| 参数 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| -e | 显示nfs服务器的共享李彪 |
| -a | 显示本机挂载的文件资源的情况 |
| -v | 显示版本号 |
[root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15 export list for 192.168.56.15: /nfsfile 192.168.56.*
6 客户端测试
[root@qdlinux ~]# yum install nfs-utils rpcbind -y
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl is-enabled rpcbind
enabled
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl is-active rpcbind
active
//查询一下服务是否运行
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl status rpcbind
● rpcbind.service - rpc bind service
loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
active: active (running) since thu 2018-08-16 14:05:32 cst; 3h 48min ago
main pid: 568 (rpcbind)
tasks: 1
cgroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
└─568 /sbin/rpcbind -w
aug 16 14:05:27 qdlinux.com systemd[1]: starting rpc bind service...
aug 16 14:05:32 qdlinux.com systemd[1]: started rpc bind service.
//在客户端使用`showmount -e`命令查询一下
[root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15 nfs服务器共享列表
export list for 192.168.56.15:
/nfsfile 192.168.56.*
7 nfs客户端挂载
在nfs客户端创建一个挂在目录，使用mount命令加-t参数,指定要挂在的文件系统的类型,并在命令后面写上服务器的ip地址、服务器上的共享目录以及要挂载到本地系统(客户端)的目录.
[root@qdlinux /]# mkdir /data [root@qdlinux /]# mount -t nfs 192.168.56.15:/nfsfile /data //现在已经挂载成功了,可以看到在nfs服务器上创建的文件了.
如果希望nfs文件共享服务能一直有效,需要将其写入到 fstab 文件中.
[root@qdlinux data]# vim /etc/fstab 192.168.56.15:/nfsfile /data nfs defaults 0 0
1 如果nfs服务器宕机,强制卸载umount -lf /data 2 [root@qdlinux data]# umount /data umount.nfs4: /data: device is busy 出现这种情况时,退出挂载目录然后在卸载
8 autofs自动挂载服务
autofs服务程序是一种linux系统守护进程,当检测到用户试图去访问一个尚未挂载的文件系统时，将自动挂载该文件系统,我们将挂载信息写入/etc/fstab文件后,系统在每次开机时都自动将其挂载,而autofs自动挂载服务是用户需要使用该文件系统时才会去动态挂载，从而节约了网络资源和服务器的硬件资源.
[root@qdlinux /]# yum install autofs -y
直接挂载方式,本地的挂载点是绝对路径
[root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.master.d/nfs.autofs /- /etc/auto.nfs_direct [root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.nfs_direct /data -rw,sync,soft 192.168.56.15:/nfsfile //mount查看一下 /etc/auto.nfs_direct on /data type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=18,pgrp=6217,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=79495)
间接挂载方式
[root@qdlinux ~]# mkdir -p /public/share [root@qdlinux ~]# chown -rf nfsnobody:nfsnobody /public/share [root@qdlinux ~]# vim /etc/exports /public/share 192.168.56.*(rw,sync,all_squash) //重新启动nfs-server [root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15 export list for 192.168.56.15: /public/share 192.168.56.* /nfsfile 192.168.56.* [root@qdlinux /]# mkdir /test [root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.master.d/share.autofs /test /etc/share.nfs_share [root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/share.nfs_share * -rw,sync,soft 192.168.56.15:/public/& //重新启动autofs服务
现在可以访问了,客户端当你切换到/test/share时可以创建文件服务端实时同步.
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