欢迎您访问程序员文章站本站旨在为大家提供分享程序员计算机编程知识!
您现在的位置是: 首页  >  科技

Linux基础学习-NFS网络文件系统实时文件共享

程序员文章站 2022-04-13 10:18:22
NFS网络文件系统 如果大家觉得Samba服务程序的配置太麻烦了,那么你共享文件的主机都是Linux系统,那么推荐大家在客户端部署nfs服务来共享文件.nfs(网络文件系统)服务可以将远程Linux系统上的文件共享资源挂载到本地主机的目录上,从而使得本地主机客户端基于TCP/IP协议,像是用本地主机 ......

nfs网络文件系统

如果大家觉得samba服务程序的配置太麻烦了,那么你共享文件的主机都是linux系统,那么推荐大家在客户端部署nfs服务来共享文件.nfs(网络文件系统)服务可以将远程linux系统上的文件共享资源挂载到本地主机的目录上,从而使得本地主机客户端基于tcp/ip协议,像是用本地主机上的资源那样读写远程linux系统上的共享文件.

实验环境

主机 操作系统 ip地址
nfs服务器 rhel7.4 192.168.56.15
nfs客户端 centos7.4 192.168.56.5
前期准备这里我把防火墙以及selinux都给关闭了.

1 安装 nfs-server 使用 yum install nfs-utils rpcbind -y 命令.

[root@qdlinux ~]# yum install -y nfs-utils rpcbind
loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
this system is not registered with an entitlement server. you can use subscription-manager to register.
dvd                                                                                       | 4.1 kb  00:00:00     
resolving dependencies
--> running transaction check
---> package nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.3.0-0.48.el7 will be installed
--> processing dependency: gssproxy >= 0.7.0-3 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libtirpc >= 0.2.4-0.7 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libevent for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libnfsidmap for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: quota for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libevent-2.0.so.5()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libnfsidmap.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libtirpc.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64
---> package rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-42.el7 will be installed
--> running transaction check
---> package gssproxy.x86_64 0:0.7.0-4.el7 will be installed
--> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3(ini_config_1.1.0)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3(ini_config_1.2.0)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libref_array.so.1(ref_array_0.1.1)(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libverto-module-base for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libbasicobjects.so.0()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libcollection.so.2()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libini_config.so.3()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libref_array.so.1()(64bit) for package: gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64
---> package libevent.x86_64 0:2.0.21-4.el7 will be installed
---> package libnfsidmap.x86_64 0:0.25-17.el7 will be installed
---> package libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.10.el7 will be installed
---> package quota.x86_64 1:4.01-14.el7 will be installed
--> processing dependency: quota-nls = 1:4.01-14.el7 for package: 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: tcp_wrappers for package: 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64
--> running transaction check
---> package libbasicobjects.x86_64 0:0.1.1-27.el7 will be installed
---> package libcollection.x86_64 0:0.6.2-27.el7 will be installed
---> package libini_config.x86_64 0:1.3.0-27.el7 will be installed
--> processing dependency: libpath_utils.so.1(path_utils_0.2.1)(64bit) for package: libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64
--> processing dependency: libpath_utils.so.1()(64bit) for package: libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64
---> package libref_array.x86_64 0:0.1.5-27.el7 will be installed
---> package libverto-tevent.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 will be installed
---> package quota-nls.noarch 1:4.01-14.el7 will be installed
---> package tcp_wrappers.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7 will be installed
--> running transaction check
---> package libpath_utils.x86_64 0:0.2.1-27.el7 will be installed
--> finished dependency resolution

dependencies resolved

=================================================================================================================
 package                        arch                  version                           repository          size
=================================================================================================================
installing:
 nfs-utils                      x86_64                1:1.3.0-0.48.el7                  dvd                398 k
 rpcbind                        x86_64                0.2.0-42.el7                      dvd                 59 k
installing for dependencies:
 gssproxy                       x86_64                0.7.0-4.el7                       dvd                105 k
 libbasicobjects                x86_64                0.1.1-27.el7                      dvd                 25 k
 libcollection                  x86_64                0.6.2-27.el7                      dvd                 41 k
 libevent                       x86_64                2.0.21-4.el7                      dvd                214 k
 libini_config                  x86_64                1.3.0-27.el7                      dvd                 63 k
 libnfsidmap                    x86_64                0.25-17.el7                       dvd                 49 k
 libpath_utils                  x86_64                0.2.1-27.el7                      dvd                 27 k
 libref_array                   x86_64                0.1.5-27.el7                      dvd                 26 k
 libtirpc                       x86_64                0.2.4-0.10.el7                    dvd                 89 k
 libverto-tevent                x86_64                0.2.5-4.el7                       dvd                9.0 k
 quota                          x86_64                1:4.01-14.el7                     dvd                179 k
 quota-nls                      noarch                1:4.01-14.el7                     dvd                 91 k
 tcp_wrappers                   x86_64                7.6-77.el7                        dvd                 79 k

transaction summary
=================================================================================================================
install  2 packages (+13 dependent packages)

total download size: 1.4 m
installed size: 4.1 m
downloading packages:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total                                                                            2.5 mb/s | 1.4 mb  00:00:00     
running transaction check
running transaction test
transaction test succeeded
running transaction
  installing : libref_array-0.1.5-27.el7.x86_64                                                             1/15 
  installing : libcollection-0.6.2-27.el7.x86_64                                                            2/15 
  installing : libbasicobjects-0.1.1-27.el7.x86_64                                                          3/15 
  installing : libtirpc-0.2.4-0.10.el7.x86_64                                                               4/15 
  installing : rpcbind-0.2.0-42.el7.x86_64                                                                  5/15 
  installing : 1:quota-nls-4.01-14.el7.noarch                                                               6/15 
  installing : libpath_utils-0.2.1-27.el7.x86_64                                                            7/15 
  installing : libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64                                                            8/15 
  installing : tcp_wrappers-7.6-77.el7.x86_64                                                               9/15 
  installing : 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64                                                                  10/15 
  installing : libevent-2.0.21-4.el7.x86_64                                                                11/15 
  installing : libnfsidmap-0.25-17.el7.x86_64                                                              12/15 
  installing : libverto-tevent-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64                                                          13/15 
  installing : gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64                                                                 14/15 
  installing : 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64                                                           15/15 
  verifying  : libverto-tevent-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64                                                           1/15 
  verifying  : rpcbind-0.2.0-42.el7.x86_64                                                                  2/15 
  verifying  : 1:quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64                                                                   3/15 
  verifying  : libtirpc-0.2.4-0.10.el7.x86_64                                                               4/15 
  verifying  : libnfsidmap-0.25-17.el7.x86_64                                                               5/15 
  verifying  : libini_config-1.3.0-27.el7.x86_64                                                            6/15 
  verifying  : libbasicobjects-0.1.1-27.el7.x86_64                                                          7/15 
  verifying  : libevent-2.0.21-4.el7.x86_64                                                                 8/15 
  verifying  : tcp_wrappers-7.6-77.el7.x86_64                                                               9/15 
  verifying  : libpath_utils-0.2.1-27.el7.x86_64                                                           10/15 
  verifying  : 1:quota-nls-4.01-14.el7.noarch                                                              11/15 
  verifying  : gssproxy-0.7.0-4.el7.x86_64                                                                 12/15 
  verifying  : libcollection-0.6.2-27.el7.x86_64                                                           13/15 
  verifying  : libref_array-0.1.5-27.el7.x86_64                                                            14/15 
  verifying  : 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.48.el7.x86_64                                                           15/15 

installed:
  nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.3.0-0.48.el7                         rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-42.el7                        

dependency installed:
  gssproxy.x86_64 0:0.7.0-4.el7        libbasicobjects.x86_64 0:0.1.1-27.el7 libcollection.x86_64 0:0.6.2-27.el7
  libevent.x86_64 0:2.0.21-4.el7       libini_config.x86_64 0:1.3.0-27.el7   libnfsidmap.x86_64 0:0.25-17.el7   
  libpath_utils.x86_64 0:0.2.1-27.el7  libref_array.x86_64 0:0.1.5-27.el7    libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.10.el7   
  libverto-tevent.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 quota.x86_64 1:4.01-14.el7            quota-nls.noarch 1:4.01-14.el7     
  tcp_wrappers.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7    

complete!

2 启动 nfs-server

[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl enable rpcbind
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start nfs-server.service 
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl enable nfs-server.service 
created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nfs-server.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service.

启动和启用nfs服务程序,由于在使用nfs服务进行文件共享之前,需要使用rpc(remote procedure call,远程过程调用),服务将nfs服务器的ip地址和端口号等信息发送给客户端.因此,在启动nfs服务之前,还需要顺带重启并启动rpcbind服务,这里将两个服务一并加入到开机启动项中.

3 可以使用 rpcbind -p 查看一下注册的信息.

[root@qdlinux ~]# rpcinfo -p
   program vers proto   port  service
    100000    4   tcp    111  portmapper
    100000    3   tcp    111  portmapper
    100000    2   tcp    111  portmapper
    100000    4   udp    111  portmapper
    100000    3   udp    111  portmapper
    100000    2   udp    111  portmapper
    100024    1   udp  43946  status
    100024    1   tcp  38188  status
    100005    1   udp  20048  mountd
    100005    1   tcp  20048  mountd
    100005    2   udp  20048  mountd
    100005    2   tcp  20048  mountd
    100005    3   udp  20048  mountd
    100005    3   tcp  20048  mountd
    100003    3   tcp   2049  nfs
    100003    4   tcp   2049  nfs
    100227    3   tcp   2049  nfs_acl
    100003    3   udp   2049  nfs
    100003    4   udp   2049  nfs
    100227    3   udp   2049  nfs_acl
    100021    1   udp  35724  nlockmgr
    100021    3   udp  35724  nlockmgr
    100021    4   udp  35724  nlockmgr
    100021    1   tcp  44097  nlockmgr
    100021    3   tcp  44097  nlockmgr
    100021    4   tcp  44097  nlockmgr

4 查看系统相关进程信息

[root@qdlinux ~]# ps -ef | egrep "rpc|nfs"
rpc        1959      1  0 16:37 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/rpcbind -w
rpcuser    2039      1  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.statd
root       2047      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [rpciod]
root       2057      1  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
root       2058      1  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.idmapd
root       2068      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd4_callbacks]
root       2074      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2075      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2076      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2077      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2078      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2079      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2080      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2081      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [nfsd]
root       2135   1633  0 16:52 pts/0    00:00:00 grep -e --color=auto rpc|nfs

5 nfs服务端配置共享目录

参数 作用
ro 只读
rw 读写
root_squash 当nfs客户端以root管理员访问时,映射为nfs服务器的匿名用户
no_root_squash 当nfs客户端以root管理员访问时,映射为nfs服务器的root管理员
all_squash 无论nfs客户端使用什么账户访问,均映射为nfs服务器的匿名用户
sync 同时将数据写入到内存与硬盘中,保证不丢失数据
async 优先将数据保存到内存,然后再写入到硬盘,这样效率更高,但可能会丢失数据
[root@qdlinux ~]# vim /etc/exports
/nfsfile 192.168.56.*(rw,sync,all_squash)

//创建需要共享的目录
[root@qdlinux ~]# mkdir /nfsfile

[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl restart nfs-server.service 
[root@qdlinux ~]# cat /var/lib/nfs/etab 
/nfsfile    192.168.56.*(rw,sync,wdelay,hide,nocrossmnt,secure,root_squash,all_squash,no_subtree_check,secure_locks,acl,no_pnfs,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534,sec=sys,secure,root_squash,all_squash)

//查看一下id=65534是哪一个用户
[root@qdlinux ~]# grep "65534" /etc/passwd
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:anonymous nfs user:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

//修改一下`/nfsfile`的权限,这里也可以把目录所属主和所属组改为nfsnobody或者直接给成777权限
[root@qdlinux ~]# chmod -rf nfsnobody:nfsnobody /nfsfile/

//在目录下写入一个文件用于测试
[root@qdlinux ~]# echo "welecome to qdlinux" > /nfsfile/readme
[root@qdlinux ~]# ll  /nfsfile/
total 4
-rw-r--rwx 1 root root 20 aug 16 17:30 readme
[root@qdlinux ~]# 

nfs客户端的配置步骤十分简单,先使用 showmount 命令查询nfs服务器的远程共享信息,其输出格式为"共享的目录名称 允许使用客户端地址".

参数 作用
-e 显示nfs服务器的共享李彪
-a 显示本机挂载的文件资源的情况
-v 显示版本号
[root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15
export list for 192.168.56.15:
/nfsfile 192.168.56.*

6 客户端测试

[root@qdlinux ~]# yum install nfs-utils rpcbind -y
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl is-enabled rpcbind
enabled
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl is-active rpcbind
active

//查询一下服务是否运行
[root@qdlinux ~]# systemctl status rpcbind
● rpcbind.service - rpc bind service
   loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   active: active (running) since thu 2018-08-16 14:05:32 cst; 3h 48min ago
 main pid: 568 (rpcbind)
    tasks: 1
   cgroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
           └─568 /sbin/rpcbind -w

aug 16 14:05:27 qdlinux.com systemd[1]: starting rpc bind service...
aug 16 14:05:32 qdlinux.com systemd[1]: started rpc bind service.

//在客户端使用`showmount -e`命令查询一下
[root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15 nfs服务器共享列表
export list for 192.168.56.15:
/nfsfile 192.168.56.*

7 nfs客户端挂载

在nfs客户端创建一个挂在目录,使用mount命令加-t参数,指定要挂在的文件系统的类型,并在命令后面写上服务器的ip地址、服务器上的共享目录以及要挂载到本地系统(客户端)的目录.

[root@qdlinux /]# mkdir /data
[root@qdlinux /]# mount -t nfs 192.168.56.15:/nfsfile /data

//现在已经挂载成功了,可以看到在nfs服务器上创建的文件了.

如果希望nfs文件共享服务能一直有效,需要将其写入到 fstab 文件中.

[root@qdlinux data]# vim /etc/fstab
192.168.56.15:/nfsfile                    /data                   nfs     defaults        0 0
1 如果nfs服务器宕机,强制卸载umount -lf /data
2 [root@qdlinux data]# umount /data
  umount.nfs4: /data: device is busy
  出现这种情况时,退出挂载目录然后在卸载

8 autofs自动挂载服务

autofs服务程序是一种linux系统守护进程,当检测到用户试图去访问一个尚未挂载的文件系统时,将自动挂载该文件系统,我们将挂载信息写入/etc/fstab文件后,系统在每次开机时都自动将其挂载,而autofs自动挂载服务是用户需要使用该文件系统时才会去动态挂载,从而节约了网络资源和服务器的硬件资源.

[root@qdlinux /]# yum install autofs -y

直接挂载方式,本地的挂载点是绝对路径

[root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.master.d/nfs.autofs
/-      /etc/auto.nfs_direct
[root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.nfs_direct 
/data   -rw,sync,soft   192.168.56.15:/nfsfile

//mount查看一下
/etc/auto.nfs_direct on /data type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=18,pgrp=6217,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=79495)

间接挂载方式

[root@qdlinux ~]# mkdir -p /public/share
[root@qdlinux ~]# chown -rf nfsnobody:nfsnobody /public/share
[root@qdlinux ~]# vim /etc/exports
/public/share 192.168.56.*(rw,sync,all_squash)
//重新启动nfs-server

[root@qdlinux ~]# showmount -e 192.168.56.15
export list for 192.168.56.15:
/public/share 192.168.56.*
/nfsfile      192.168.56.*

[root@qdlinux /]# mkdir /test
[root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/auto.master.d/share.autofs
/test  /etc/share.nfs_share
[root@qdlinux /]# vim /etc/share.nfs_share
*       -rw,sync,soft   192.168.56.15:/public/&
//重新启动autofs服务

现在可以访问了,客户端当你切换到/test/share时可以创建文件服务端实时同步.