Linux之NFS网络文件系统
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2022-04-24 19:39:08
NFS（Network File System）即网络文件系统，是FreeBSD支持的文件系统中的一种，它允许网络中的计算机之间通过TCP/IP网络资源共享。在NFS的应用中，本地NFS的客户端应用可以透明地读写位于远端NFS服务器上的文件，就像访问本地文件一样。 1、好处 （1）节省本地存储空间， ......
NFS（Network File System）即网络文件系统，是FreeBSD支持的文件系统中的一种，它允许网络中的计算机之间通过TCP/IP网络资源共享。在NFS的应用中，本地NFS的客户端应用可以透明地读写位于远端NFS服务器上的文件，就像访问本地文件一样。
1、好处
（1）节省本地存储空间，将常用的数据存放在一台NFS服务器上且可以通过网络访问，那么本地终端将可以减少自身存储空间的使用。
（2）用户不需要在网络中的每台计算机上都建有Home目录，Home目录可以放在NFS服务器上且可以在网络上被访问使用。
（3）一些存储设备如软驱、CDROM和ZIP等都可以在网络上被别的机器使用。这可以减少整个网络上移动介质设备的数量。
2、组成
NFS体系至少有两个主要部分：一台NFS服务器和若干台客户机，如图所示
客户机可以通过TCP/IP网络远程访问存放在NFS上的数据。
NFS实现是通过RPC服务来实现的
实现过程：
（1）NFS RPC的主要功能是记录每个NFS功能所对应的端口号，并将信息传递给请求数据的NFS客户端，从而实现数据的传输。
（2）NFS服务启动时会随机取用数个端口，并主动向RPC服务注册取用的相关端口信息，RPC服务就知道每个端口对应的NFS功能了，然后RPC会用固定的端口（111）来监听NFS客户端的请求，将正确的NFS端口传给NFS的客户端
服务启动顺序：RPC--》NFS
3、服务器端安装，配置过程
（1）检查是否安装NFS RPC服务
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa nfs-utils rpcbind [root@localhost ~]# yum install nfs-utils rpcbind -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Install Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com base | 3.7 kB 00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00 extras/primary_db | 30 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.2.3-75.el6_9 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: nfs-utils-lib >= 1.1.0-3 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libtirpc >= 0.2.1-11 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: keyutils >= 1.4-4 for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: python-argparse for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libgssglue.so.1(libgssapi_CITI_2)(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libgssglue for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libevent for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libtirpc.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libnfsidmap.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libgssglue.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libevent-1.4.so.2()(64bit) for package: 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 ---> Package rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-13.el6_9.1 will be installed --> Running transaction check ---> Package keyutils.x86_64 0:1.4-5.el6 will be installed ---> Package libevent.x86_64 0:1.4.13-4.el6 will be installed ---> Package libgssglue.x86_64 0:0.1-11.el6 will be installed ---> Package libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.1-13.el6_9 will be installed ---> Package nfs-utils-lib.x86_64 0:1.1.5-13.el6 will be installed ---> Package python-argparse.noarch 0:1.2.1-2.1.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================== Installing: nfs-utils x86_64 1:1.2.3-75.el6_9 updates 336 k rpcbind x86_64 0.2.0-13.el6_9.1 updates 51 k Installing for dependencies: keyutils x86_64 1.4-5.el6 base 39 k libevent x86_64 1.4.13-4.el6 base 66 k libgssglue x86_64 0.1-11.el6 base 23 k libtirpc x86_64 0.2.1-13.el6_9 updates 82 k nfs-utils-lib x86_64 1.1.5-13.el6 base 71 k python-argparse noarch 1.2.1-2.1.el6 base 48 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================== Install 8 Package(s) Total download size: 716 k Installed size: 2.0 M Downloading Packages: (1/8): keyutils-1.4-5.el6.x86_64.rpm | 39 kB 00:00 (2/8): libevent-1.4.13-4.el6.x86_64.rpm | 66 kB 00:00 (3/8): libgssglue-0.1-11.el6.x86_64.rpm | 23 kB 00:00 (4/8): libtirpc-0.2.1-13.el6_9.x86_64.rpm | 82 kB 00:00 (5/8): nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64.rpm | 336 kB 00:00 (6/8): nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-13.el6.x86_64.rpm | 71 kB 00:00 (7/8): python-argparse-1.2.1-2.1.el6.noarch.rpm | 48 kB 00:00 (8/8): rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64.rpm | 51 kB 00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 1.1 MB/s | 716 kB 00:00 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : libgssglue-0.1-11.el6.x86_64 1/8 Installing : libtirpc-0.2.1-13.el6_9.x86_64 2/8 Installing : rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64 3/8 Installing : python-argparse-1.2.1-2.1.el6.noarch 4/8 Installing : libevent-1.4.13-4.el6.x86_64 5/8 Installing : keyutils-1.4-5.el6.x86_64 6/8 Installing : nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-13.el6.x86_64 7/8 Installing : 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 8/8 Verifying : rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64 1/8 Verifying : libtirpc-0.2.1-13.el6_9.x86_64 2/8 Verifying : keyutils-1.4-5.el6.x86_64 3/8 Verifying : libevent-1.4.13-4.el6.x86_64 4/8 Verifying : nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-13.el6.x86_64 5/8 Verifying : libgssglue-0.1-11.el6.x86_64 6/8 Verifying : 1:nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 7/8 Verifying : python-argparse-1.2.1-2.1.el6.noarch 8/8 Installed: nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.2.3-75.el6_9 rpcbind.x86_64 0:0.2.0-13.el6_9.1 Dependency Installed: keyutils.x86_64 0:1.4-5.el6 libevent.x86_64 0:1.4.13-4.el6 libgssglue.x86_64 0:0.1-11.el6 libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.1-13.el6_9 nfs-utils-lib.x86_64 0:1.1.5-13.el6 python-argparse.noarch 0:1.2.1-2.1.el6 Complete! [root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa nfs-utils rpcbind rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64 nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64
（2）安装完成后，启动相关服务
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa nfs-utils rpcbind
rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64
nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind status
rpcbind is stopped
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind start
Starting rpcbind: [ OK ]
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind status
rpcbind (pid 1958) is running...
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs
anaconda-ks.cfg .bashrc install.log.syslog
.bash_logout .cshrc .tcshrc
.bash_profile install.log
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs status
rpc.svcgssd is stopped
rpc.mountd is stopped
nfsd is stopped
[root@localhost ~]# rpcinfo -p localhost
program vers proto port service
100000 4 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 3 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 4 udp 111 portmapper
100000 3 udp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs start
Starting NFS services: [ OK ]
Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ]
Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ]
Starting RPC idmapd: [ OK ]
[root@localhost ~]# rpcinfo -p localhost
program vers proto port service
100000 4 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 3 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 4 udp 111 portmapper
100000 3 udp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100005 1 udp 53776 mountd
100005 1 tcp 45705 mountd
100005 2 udp 59195 mountd
100005 2 tcp 37339 mountd
100005 3 udp 51079 mountd
100005 3 tcp 42701 mountd
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 4 tcp 2049 nfs
100227 2 tcp 2049 nfs_acl
100227 3 tcp 2049 nfs_acl
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 4 udp 2049 nfs
100227 2 udp 2049 nfs_acl
100227 3 udp 2049 nfs_acl
100021 1 udp 55657 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 55657 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 55657 nlockmgr
100021 1 tcp 56873 nlockmgr
100021 3 tcp 56873 nlockmgr
100021 4 tcp 56873 nlockmgr
让RPC、NFS服务开机自启，在实际生产环境中都会将配置放在/etc/rc.local下面
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/rc.local [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/rc.local #!/bin/sh # # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts. # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch /var/lock/subsys/local /etc/init.d/rpcbind start /etc/init.d/nfs start
（3）配置服务端NFS配置文件/etc/exports
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/exports ##nfs server created by cairui at 2018-2-17 /home/cairui 192.168.181.128(rw) [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs anaconda-ks.cfg .bashrc install.log.syslog .bash_logout .cshrc .tcshrc .bash_profile install.log .viminfo [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs reload [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs restart Shutting down NFS daemon: [ OK ] Shutting down NFS mountd: [ OK ] Shutting down NFS services: [ OK ] Shutting down RPC idmapd: [ OK ] Starting NFS services: [ OK ] Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ] Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ] Starting RPC idmapd: [ OK ]
4、客户端配置
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep nfs nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-13.el6.x86_64 nfs-utils-1.2.3-75.el6_9.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep rpc rpcbind-0.2.0-13.el6_9.1.x86_64 libtirpc-0.2.1-13.el6_9.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind status rpcbind is stopped [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind start Starting rpcbind: [ OK ] [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/rpcbind status rpcbind (pid 1463) is running... [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs status rpc.svcgssd is stopped rpc.mountd is stopped nfsd is stopped [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/nfs start Starting NFS services: [ OK ] Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ] Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ] Starting RPC idmapd: [ OK ] [root@localhost ~]# showmount -e 192.168.181.129 Export list for 192.168.181.129: /home/cairui 192.168.181.128 [root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.181.129 PING 192.168.181.129 (192.168.181.129) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.181.129: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.348 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.181.129: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.706 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.181.129: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.512 ms ^C --- 192.168.181.129 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2760ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.348/0.522/0.706/0.146 ms [root@localhost ~]# iptables -F [root@localhost ~]# showmount -e 192.168.181.129 Export list for 192.168.181.129: /home/cairui 192.168.181.128
客户端进行NFS挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mount -t nfs 192.168.181.129:/home/cairui /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 1.4G 16G 9% /
tmpfs 491M 0 491M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 30M 150M 17% /boot
192.168.181.129:/home/cairui
18G 809M 16G 5% /mnt
5、测试
服务端
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/cairui/ [root@localhost cairui]# touch 1.txt [root@localhost cairui]# ls -ll /home/cairui/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 17 17:15 1.txt [root@localhost cairui]# ls -ld /home/cairui/ drwx------. 2 cairui cairui 4096 Feb 17 17:15 /home/cairui/ [root@localhost cairui]# chmod 777 /home/cairui/ [root@localhost cairui]# ls -ld /home/cairui/ drwxrwxrwx. 2 cairui cairui 4096 Feb 17 17:15 /home/cairui/
[root@localhost cairui]# mkdir nfs
客户端
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/ -bash: cd: /mnt/: Permission denied [root@localhost ~]# ls -ll /mnt/ ls: cannot open directory /mnt/: Permission denied [root@localhost ~]# cd /m media/ mnt/ [root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/ [root@localhost mnt]# ls 1.txt [root@localhost mnt]# ls 1.txt nfs [root@localhost mnt]#
八．启动自动挂载nfs文件系统
格式：<server>:<remote/export>
</local/directory> nfs <option> 0 0
#vim /etc/fstab
最后一行为后加的
保存退出，重启系统
或者修改
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