Canvas作图
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2022-04-04 20:37:43
什么是 Canvas？ canvas 元素用于在网页上绘制图形。 ......
前几天项目GIS部分一个功能模块需要一个控制仪表盘，虽然之前看过canvas作图，但是没怎么具体用过。今天就这个功能模块研究了下canvas。
什么是 Canvas？
canvas 元素用于在网页上绘制图形。<canvas> 元素本身并没有绘制能力（它仅仅是图形的容器），必须使用脚本来完成实际的绘图任务，通常是用JavaScript在网页上绘制图像。canvas所在画布是一个矩形区域，我们可以控制画布的每一像素。canvas 拥有多种绘制路径、矩形、圆形、字符以及添加图像的方法。一句话说完，功能很强大，需要研究的东西很多！
创建 Canvas 元素
在 HTML5 页面添加 canvas 元素。规定元素的 id、和宽高：
<body> <canvas id="canvas" width="400" height="400"></canvas> </body>
Canvas 对象表示一个 HTML 画布元素 - <canvas>。它没有自己的行为，但是定义了一个 很多API 支持脚本化客户端绘图操作。
Canvas 对象的属性
height 属性
画布的高度。和一幅图像一样，这个属性可以指定为一个整数像素值或者是窗口高度的百分比。当这个值改变的时候，在该画布上已经完成的任何绘图都会擦除掉。默认值是 300。
width 属性
画布的宽度。和一幅图像一样，这个属性可以指定为一个整数像素值或者是窗口宽度的百分比。当这个值改变的时候，在该画布上已经完成的任何绘图都会擦除掉。默认值是 300。
具体的实验代码如下，效果可直接执行代码测试：所有的注释都写在了代码里面，故不另行做注释
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<style type="text/css">
canvas {
border: 1px solid red;
background-color: #fff;
cursor: pointer;
}
input {
position: absolute;
font-size: 20px;
color: #f8b500;
top: 18%;
left: 9%;
width: 100px;
height: 30px;
line-height: 28px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="400" height="400"></canvas>
<input id="canvasText" value="">
<script>
var canvasDrawing = {
/**绘图对象初始化
* 参数：type 初始化类型。arc：圆弧形；bar ：柱状图
*/
init: function (type) {
this.canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); //获取用于canvas作图的对象
this.canvasEnv = this.canvas.getContext("2d"); //getContext()返回一个用于在画布上绘图的环境。当前唯一的合法参数值是 "2d"，它指定了二维绘图。
this.pathr = 120; //滑动路径半径
if(type === "arc"){
this.event(); //事件绑定初始化
this.canvasDrawing.prototype = this; //canvasDrawing方法继承父元素内方法
this.ex = new this.canvasDrawing(type, 200, 200, 120); //初始化创建实例，默认画弧形图
}else {
this.arr=[60, 90, 150, 130, 170, 190, 125, 175, 155, 165, 155, 145];
this.ex = new this.canvasDrawing(type, 70, 280, 330, 280); //初始化创建实例，根据type类型canvas作图；此处为柱状图
}
},
/**事件绑定
*/
event: function () {
this.canvas.addEventListener("mousedown", this.onMouseDown.bind(this), false);
this.canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", this.onMouseMove.bind(this), false);
this.canvas.addEventListener("mouseup", this.onMouseUp.bind(this), false);
},
/**绘制图形
* 参数：type绘图类型；x,y圆心位置；r内圆弧半径；j可变圆弧结束位置,bgc圆弧颜色
*/
canvasDrawing: function (type, x, y, r, j, bgc) {
if (type === "arc") {
this.canvasEnv.clearRect(0, 0, 400, 400);
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.r = r;
this.j = j || 0.85 * Math.PI;
this.canvasEnv.beginPath();
this.canvasEnv.lineWidth = 3;
this.canvasEnv.arc(this.x, this.y, this.r + 15, Math.PI * 0.85, Math.PI * 0.15, false); // 绘制外层单弧线
this.canvasEnv.strokeStyle = '#f8b500';
this.canvasEnv.stroke();
this.canvasEnv.beginPath();
this.canvasEnv.arc(this.x, this.y, this.r, Math.PI * 0.85, this.j, false); // 可变条状圆弧
this.innerText = ((((this.j / Math.PI) - 0.85) * 100) / 1.3).toFixed(0);
this.innerText = (this.innerText === "-0") ? (0) : (this.innerText);
document.getElementById("canvasText").value = this.innerText;
this.canvasEnv.strokeStyle = (bgc == undefined) ? (this.colorChoose(this.innerText)) : (bgc);
this.canvasEnv.lineCap = "butt";
this.canvasEnv.lineWidth = 20;
this.canvasEnv.stroke();
} else { //绘制柱状图
this.sX = x;
this.sY = y;
this.eX = r;
this.eY = j;
this.canvasEnv.beginPath();
this.canvasEnv.moveTo(this.sX, this.sY);
this.canvasEnv.lineTo(this.eX, this.eY);
this.canvasEnv.stroke();
for (var i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
var width = 10;
var height = this.arr[i];
var X = 85 + i * 20;
var Y = 280 - height;
this.canvasEnv.beginPath();
this.canvasEnv.fillStyle = "#900b09";
this.canvasEnv.rect(X, Y, width, height); //rect()：创建矩形
this.canvasEnv.fill();
this.canvasEnv.closePath()
}
}
},
/**确定按下鼠标位置
*/
onMouseDown: function (event) {
var X = this.getX(event); //获取鼠标左键按下所在的X坐标
var Y = this.getY(event); //获取鼠标左键按下所在的Y坐标
var minX = this.ex.x - 2 * this.ex.r, msXX = this.ex.x + 2 * this.ex.r; //鼠标按下横向区间
var minY = this.ex.y - 2 * this.ex.r, msXY = this.ex.y + 2 * this.ex.r; //鼠标按下纵向区间
if ((minX < X && X < msXX) && (minY < Y && Y < msXY)) { //判断鼠标是否在可允许区间
this.ex.isDown = true;
} else {
this.ex.isDown = false;
}
},
/**鼠标释放
*/
onMouseUp: function () {
this.ex.isDown = false
},
/**鼠标移动
*/
onMouseMove: function (event) {
if (this.ex.isDown) {
var coordinate = {
"x": this.getX(event),
"y": this.getY(event)
};
var quadrantDoordinate = this.coordTransform(coordinate);
if (this.check(quadrantDoordinate.x, quadrantDoordinate.y)) {
var co = this.getMoveto(quadrantDoordinate.x, quadrantDoordinate.y);
if (co == null) return;
this.ex.canvasDrawing("arc", this.ex.x, this.ex.y, this.ex.r, co.z);
}
}
},
/**canvas内坐标转换为圆形图内坐标
*/
coordTransform: function (coordinates) {
var target = new Object(); //象限按照数学顺时针划分
if (coordinates.x > this.ex.x && coordinates.y > this.ex.y) { //第一象限
target.x = -(this.ex.x - coordinates.x);
target.y = this.ex.y - coordinates.y;
} else if (coordinates.x > this.ex.x && coordinates.y < this.ex.y) { //第二象限
target.x = -(this.ex.x - coordinates.x);
target.y = this.ex.y - coordinates.y;
} else if (coordinates.x < this.ex.x && coordinates.y < this.ex.y) { //第三象限
target.x = -(this.ex.x - coordinates.x);
target.y = this.ex.y - coordinates.y;
} else if (coordinates.x < this.ex.x && coordinates.y > this.ex.y) { //第四象限
target.x = -(this.ex.x - coordinates.x);
target.y = this.ex.y - coordinates.y;
}
return target;
},
/**限制鼠标可拖动范围
*/
check: function (x, y) {
var xx = x * x;
var yy = y * y;
var minArea = (this.ex.x - this.ex.r) * (this.ex.x - this.ex.r); //可滑动最小区域
var msXArea = (this.ex.x - this.ex.r / 4) * (this.ex.x - this.ex.r / 4); //可滑动最大区域
if (xx + yy > minArea && xx + yy < msXArea) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
},
getMoveto: function (x, y) {
if (!this.ex.isDown) {
return null;
}
var temp = new Object();
temp.o = Math.atan(y / x); //鼠标移动点圆形角
temp.x = this.pathr * Math.cos(temp.o);
temp.y = this.pathr * Math.sin(temp.o);
if (y < -60) { //坐标点处理；这里判断没处理好，坐标判定有些问题，鼠标滑动到-60上下，容易将最下面一段圆弧也画出来
return null;
}
if (x > 0) { //弧度值计算
temp.z = -Math.atan(temp.y / temp.x) + Math.PI * 2;
} else {
temp.z = -Math.atan(temp.y / temp.x) + Math.PI;
}
if (temp.z > 6.77) { //条状圆弧最大值(右下角位置)
temp.z = 6.77;
temp.x = this.pathr * Math.cos(Math.PI * 2.05);
temp.y = -this.pathr * Math.sin(Math.PI * 2.05);
} else if (temp.z < 2.67) { //条状圆弧最小值(左下角位置)
temp.z = 2.67;
temp.x = -this.pathr * Math.cos(Math.PI * 0.85);
temp.y = -this.pathr * Math.sin(Math.PI * 0.85);
}
return temp;
},
/**获取鼠标在canvas内坐标x
*/
getX: function (event) {
return event.clientX - this.canvas.getBoundingClientRect().left;
},
/**获取鼠标在canvas内坐标y
*/
getY: function (event) {
return event.clientY - this.canvas.getBoundingClientRect().top;
},
/**根据数值进行颜色的变换
*/
colorChoose: function (val) {
var color = null;
var marginLeftSet = document.getElementById("canvasText");
if (val > 90) {
color = "#FFD800";
} else if (val > 75) {
color = "#BF9900";
} else if (val > 60) {
color = "#997C00";
} else if (val > 45) {
color = "#725B00";
} else if (val > 30) {
color = "#4C3B00";
} else if (val > 15) {
color = "#261D00";
} else {
color = "#000000";
}
if (val == 100) {
marginLeftSet.style.marginLeft = "-10px";
} else if (val < 10) {
marginLeftSet.style.marginLeft = "-30px";
} else {
marginLeftSet.style.marginLeft = "-20px";
}
return color;
}
};
canvasDrawing.init("arc");
/**给文本框绑定事件；同时回车更改圆弧形状
*/
document.getElementById("canvasText").addEventListener("keydown", function (event) {
var keyCode = window.event ? event.keyCode : event.which;
var value = document.getElementById("canvasText").value;
if (keyCode == 13 && (value != undefined && value != null)) {
if (parseInt(value) <= 0) {
value = 0;
} else if (parseInt(value) >= 100) {
value = 100;
}
canvasDrawing.canvasDrawing("arc", 200, 200, 120, ((1.3 * parseInt(value)) / 100 + 0.85) * Math.PI, canvasDrawing.colorChoose(value));
}
}, false);
</script>
</body>
</html>
效果图如下：(中间显示值表示当前弧形占比。值为0~100)