Java11新特性之HttpClient小试牛刀

程序员文章站 2024-03-07 08:19:14

序本文主要研究一下java11的httpclient的基本使用。变化从java9的jdk.incubator.httpclient模块迁移到ja...

序

本文主要研究一下java11的httpclient的基本使用。

变化

从java9的jdk.incubator.httpclient模块迁移到java.net.http模块，包名由jdk.incubator.http改为java.net.http
原来的诸如httpresponse.bodyhandler.asstring()方法变更为httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring()，变化一为bodyhandler改为bodyhandlers，变化二为asxxx()之类的方法改为ofxxx()，由as改为of

实例

设置超时时间

 @test
 public void testtimeout() throws ioexception, interruptedexception {
  //1.set connect timeout
  httpclient client = httpclient.newbuilder()
    .connecttimeout(duration.ofmillis(5000))
    .followredirects(httpclient.redirect.normal)
    .build();

  //2.set read timeout
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://openjdk.java.net/"))
    .timeout(duration.ofmillis(5009))
    .build();

  httpresponse<string> response =
    client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());

  system.out.println(response.body());

 }

httpconnecttimeoutexception实例

caused by: java.net.http.httpconnecttimeoutexception: http connect timed out
 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.responsetimerevent.handle(responsetimerevent.java:68)
 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.httpclientimpl.purgetimeoutsandreturnnextdeadline(httpclientimpl.java:1248)
 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.httpclientimpl$selectormanager.run(httpclientimpl.java:877)
caused by: java.net.connectexception: http connect timed out
 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.responsetimerevent.handle(responsetimerevent.java:69)
 ... 2 more

httptimeoutexception实例

java.net.http.httptimeoutexception: request timed out

 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.httpclientimpl.send(httpclientimpl.java:559)
 at java.net.http/jdk.internal.net.http.httpclientfacade.send(httpclientfacade.java:119)
 at com.example.httpclienttest.testtimeout(httpclienttest.java:40)

设置authenticator

 @test
 public void testbasicauth() throws ioexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newbuilder()
    .connecttimeout(duration.ofmillis(5000))
    .authenticator(new authenticator() {
     @override
     protected passwordauthentication getpasswordauthentication() {
      return new passwordauthentication("admin","password".tochararray());
     }
    })
    .build();

  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://localhost:8080/json/info"))
    .timeout(duration.ofmillis(5009))
    .build();

  httpresponse<string> response =
    client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());

  system.out.println(response.statuscode());
  system.out.println(response.body());
 }

authenticator可以用来设置http authentication，比如basic authentication
虽然basic authentication也可以自己设置header，不过通过authenticator省得自己去构造header

设置header

 @test
 public void testcookies() throws ioexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newbuilder()
    .connecttimeout(duration.ofmillis(5000))
    .build();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://localhost:8080/json/cookie"))
    .header("cookie","jsessionid=4f994730-32d7-4e22-a18b-25667ddeb636; userid=java11")
    .timeout(duration.ofmillis(5009))
    .build();
  httpresponse<string> response =
    client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());

  system.out.println(response.statuscode());
  system.out.println(response.body());
 }

通过request可以自己设置header

get

同步

 @test
 public void testsyncget() throws ioexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("https://www.baidu.com"))
    .build();

  httpresponse<string> response =
    client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());

  system.out.println(response.body());
 }

异步

 @test
 public void testasyncget() throws executionexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("https://www.baidu.com"))
    .build();

  completablefuture<string> result = client.sendasync(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring())
    .thenapply(httpresponse::body);
  system.out.println(result.get());
 }

post表单

 @test
 public void testpostform() throws ioexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newbuilder().build();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://www.w3school.com.cn/demo/demo_form.asp"))
    .header("content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
    .post(httprequest.bodypublishers.ofstring("name1=value1&name2=value2"))
    .build();

  httpresponse<string> response = client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());
  system.out.println(response.statuscode());
 }

header指定内容是表单类型，然后通过bodypublishers.ofstring传递表单数据，需要自己构建表单参数

post json

 @test
 public void testpostjsongetjson() throws executionexception, interruptedexception, jsonprocessingexception {
  objectmapper objectmapper = new objectmapper();
  stockdto dto = new stockdto();
  dto.setname("hj");
  dto.setsymbol("hj");
  dto.settype(stockdto.stocktype.sh);
  string requestbody = objectmapper
    .writerwithdefaultprettyprinter()
    .writevalueasstring(dto);

  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder(uri.create("http://localhost:8080/json/demo"))
    .header("content-type", "application/json")
    .post(httprequest.bodypublishers.ofstring(requestbody))
    .build();

  completablefuture<stockdto> result = httpclient.newhttpclient()
    .sendasync(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring())
    .thenapply(httpresponse::body)
    .thenapply(body -> {
     try {
      return objectmapper.readvalue(body,stockdto.class);
     } catch (ioexception e) {
      return new stockdto();
     }
    });
  system.out.println(result.get());
 }

post json的话，body自己json化为string，然后header指定是json格式

文件上传

 @test
 public void testuploadfile() throws ioexception, interruptedexception, urisyntaxexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  path path = path.of(getclass().getclassloader().getresource("body.txt").touri());
  file file = path.tofile();

  string multipartformdataboundary = "java11httpclientformboundary";
  org.apache.http.httpentity multipartentity = multipartentitybuilder.create()
    .addpart("file", new filebody(file, contenttype.default_binary))
    .setboundary(multipartformdataboundary) //要设置，否则阻塞
    .build();

  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://localhost:8080/file/upload"))
    .header("content-type", "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + multipartformdataboundary)
    .post(httprequest.bodypublishers.ofinputstream(() -> {
     try {
      return multipartentity.getcontent();
     } catch (ioexception e) {
      e.printstacktrace();
      throw new runtimeexception(e);
     }
    }))
    .build();

  httpresponse<string> response =
    client.send(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring());

  system.out.println(response.body());
 }

官方的httpclient并没有提供类似webclient那种现成的bodyinserters.frommultipartdata方法，因此这里需要自己转换
这里使用org.apache.httpcomponents(httpclient及httpmime)的multipartentitybuilder构建multipartentity，最后通过httprequest.bodypublishers.ofinputstream来传递内容
这里header要指定content-type值为multipart/form-data以及boundary的值，否则服务端可能无法解析

文件下载

 @test
 public void testasyncdownload() throws executionexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("http://localhost:8080/file/download"))
    .build();

  completablefuture<path> result = client.sendasync(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.offile(paths.get("/tmp/body.txt")))
    .thenapply(httpresponse::body);
  system.out.println(result.get());
 }

使用httpresponse.bodyhandlers.offile来接收文件

并发请求

 @test
 public void testconcurrentrequests(){
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  list<string> urls = list.of("http://www.baidu.com","http://www.alibaba.com/","http://www.tencent.com");
  list<httprequest> requests = urls.stream()
    .map(url -> httprequest.newbuilder(uri.create(url)))
    .map(reqbuilder -> reqbuilder.build())
    .collect(collectors.tolist());

  list<completablefuture<httpresponse<string>>> futures = requests.stream()
    .map(request -> client.sendasync(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring()))
    .collect(collectors.tolist());
  futures.stream()
    .foreach(e -> e.whencomplete((resp,err) -> {
     if(err != null){
      err.printstacktrace();
     }else{
      system.out.println(resp.body());
      system.out.println(resp.statuscode());
     }
    }));
  completablefuture.allof(futures
    .toarray(completablefuture<?>[]::new))
    .join();
 }

sendasync方法返回的是completablefuture，可以方便地进行转换、组合等操作
这里使用completablefuture.allof组合在一起，最后调用join等待所有future完成

错误处理

 @test
 public void testhandleexception() throws executionexception, interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newbuilder()
    .connecttimeout(duration.ofmillis(5000))
    .build();
  httprequest request = httprequest.newbuilder()
    .uri(uri.create("https://twitter.com"))
    .build();

  completablefuture<string> result = client.sendasync(request, httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring())
//    .whencomplete((resp,err) -> {
//     if(err != null){
//      err.printstacktrace();
//     }else{
//      system.out.println(resp.body());
//      system.out.println(resp.statuscode());
//     }
//    })
    .thenapply(httpresponse::body)
    .exceptionally(err -> {
     err.printstacktrace();
     return "fallback";
    });
  system.out.println(result.get());
 }

httpclient异步请求返回的是completablefuture<httpresponse<t>>，其自带exceptionally方法可以用来做fallback处理
另外值得注意的是httpclient不像webclient那样，它没有对4xx或5xx的状态码抛出异常，需要自己根据情况来处理，手动检测状态码抛出异常或者返回其他内容

http2

 @test
 public void testhttp2() throws urisyntaxexception {
  httpclient.newbuilder()
    .followredirects(httpclient.redirect.never)
    .version(httpclient.version.http_2)
    .build()
    .sendasync(httprequest.newbuilder()
        .uri(new uri("https://http2.akamai.com/demo"))
        .get()
        .build(),
      httpresponse.bodyhandlers.ofstring())
    .whencomplete((resp,t) -> {
     if(t != null){
      t.printstacktrace();
     }else{
      system.out.println(resp.version());
      system.out.println(resp.statuscode());
     }
    }).join();
 }

执行之后可以看到返回的response的version为http_2

websocket

 @test
 public void testwebsocket() throws interruptedexception {
  httpclient client = httpclient.newhttpclient();
  websocket websocket = client.newwebsocketbuilder()
    .buildasync(uri.create("ws://localhost:8080/echo"), new websocket.listener() {

     @override
     public completionstage<?> ontext(websocket websocket, charsequence data, boolean last) {
      // request one more
      websocket.request(1);

      // print the message when it's available
      return completablefuture.completedfuture(data)
        .thenaccept(system.out::println);
     }
    }).join();
  websocket.sendtext("hello ", false);
  websocket.sendtext("world ",true);

  timeunit.seconds.sleep(10);
  websocket.sendclose(websocket.normal_closure, "ok").join();
 }

httpclient支持http2，也包含了websocket，通过newwebsocketbuilder去构造websocket
传入listener进行接收消息，要发消息的话，使用websocket来发送，关闭使用sendclose方法

reactive streams

httpclient本身就是reactive的，支持reactive streams，这里举responsesubscribers.bytearraysubscriber的源码看看：
java.net.http/jdk/internal/net/http/responsesubscribers.java

public static class bytearraysubscriber<t> implements bodysubscriber<t> {
  private final function<byte[], t> finisher;
  private final completablefuture<t> result = new minimalfuture<>();
  private final list<bytebuffer> received = new arraylist<>();

  private volatile flow.subscription subscription;

  public bytearraysubscriber(function<byte[],t> finisher) {
   this.finisher = finisher;
  }

  @override
  public void onsubscribe(flow.subscription subscription) {
   if (this.subscription != null) {
    subscription.cancel();
    return;
   }
   this.subscription = subscription;
   // we can handle whatever you've got
   subscription.request(long.max_value);
  }

  @override
  public void onnext(list<bytebuffer> items) {
   // incoming buffers are allocated by http client internally,
   // and won't be used anywhere except this place.
   // so it's free simply to store them for further processing.
   assert utils.hasremaining(items);
   received.addall(items);
  }

  @override
  public void onerror(throwable throwable) {
   received.clear();
   result.completeexceptionally(throwable);
  }

  static private byte[] join(list<bytebuffer> bytes) {
   int size = utils.remaining(bytes, integer.max_value);
   byte[] res = new byte[size];
   int from = 0;
   for (bytebuffer b : bytes) {
    int l = b.remaining();
    b.get(res, from, l);
    from += l;
   }
   return res;
  }

  @override
  public void oncomplete() {
   try {
    result.complete(finisher.apply(join(received)));
    received.clear();
   } catch (illegalargumentexception e) {
    result.completeexceptionally(e);
   }
  }

  @override
  public completionstage<t> getbody() {
   return result;
  }
 }

bodysubscriber接口继承了flow.subscriber<list<bytebuffer>>接口
这里的subscription来自flow类，该类是java9引入的，里头包含了支持reactive streams的实现

小结

httpclient在java11从incubator变为正式版，相对于传统的httpurlconnection其提升可不是一点半点，不仅支持异步，也支持reactive streams，同时也支持了http2以及websocket，非常值得大家使用。

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。

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