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Getting Started

程序员文章站 2024-02-27 14:11:27
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webpack is a tool to build JavaScript modules in your application. To start using webpack from its cli or api, follow the Installation instructions.webpack simplifies your workflow by quickly constructing a dependency graph of your application and bundling them in the right order. webpack can be configured to customise optimisations to your code, to split vendor/css/js code for production, run a development server that hot-reloads your code without page refresh and many such cool features. Learn more about why you should use webpack.

Creating a bundle

Create a demo directory to try out webpack. Install webpack.

mkdir webpack-demo && cd webpack-demo
npm init -y
npm install --save-dev webpack

./node_modules/.bin/webpack --help # Shows a list of valid cli commands
.\node_modules\.bin\webpack --help # For windows users
webpack --help # If you installed webpack globally

Now create a subdirectory app with an index.js file.

app/index.js

function component () {
  var element = document.createElement('div');

  /* lodash is required for the next line to work */
  element.innerHTML = _.join(['Hello','webpack'], ' ');

  return element;
}

document.body.appendChild(component());

To run this piece of code, one usually has the below HTML

index.html

<html>
  <head>
    <title>webpack 2 demo</title>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/[email protected]"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <script src="app/index.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

In this example, there are implicit dependencies between the <script> tags.

index.js depends on lodash being included in the page before it runs. It is implicit because index.js never declared a need for lodash; it just assumes that a global variable _ exists.

There are problems with managing JavaScript projects this way:

  • If a dependency is missing, or is included in the wrong order, the application will not function at all.
  • If a dependency is included but is not used, then there is a lot of unnecessary code that the browser has to download.

To bundle the lodash dependency with index.js, we need to first install lodash

npm install --save lodash

and then import it.

app/index.js

+ import _ from 'lodash';

function component () {
  ...

We also need to change index.html to expect a single bundled js file.

 <html>
   <head>
     <title>webpack 2 demo</title>
-    <script src="https://unpkg.com/[email protected]"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <script src="app/index.js"></script>
+    <script src="dist/bundle.js"></script>
   </body>
 </html>

Here, index.js explicitly requires lodash to be present, and binds it as _ (no global scope pollution).

By stating what dependencies a module needs, webpack can use this information to build a dependency graph. It then uses the graph to generate an optimized bundle where scripts will be executed in the correct order. Also unused dependencies will not be included in the bundle.

Now run webpack on this folder with index.js as the entry file and bundle.js as the output file in which all code required for the page is bundled.

./node_modules/.bin/webpack app/index.js dist/bundle.js

Hash: ff6c1d39b26f89b3b7bb
Version: webpack 2.2.0
Time: 385ms
    Asset    Size  Chunks                    Chunk Names
bundle.js  544 kB       0  [emitted]  [big]  main
   [0] ./~/lodash/lodash.js 540 kB {0} [built]
   [1] (webpack)/buildin/global.js 509 bytes {0} [built]
   [2] (webpack)/buildin/module.js 517 bytes {0} [built]
   [3] ./app/index.js 278 bytes {0} [built]

Output may vary. If the build is successful then you are good to go.

Open index.html in your browser to see the result of a successful bundle. You should see a page with the following text: 'Hello webpack'.

Using ES2015 modules with webpack

Noticed the use of ES2015 module import (alias ES2015, harmony) in app/index.js ? Although import
/export statements are not supported in browsers (yet), using them is fine since webpack will replace those instructions with an ES5 compatible wrapper code. Inspectdist/bundle.js to convince yourself.

Note that webpack will not touch your code other than import /export . In case you are using other ES2015 features, make sure to use a transpiler such as Babel or Bublé.

Using webpack with a config

For a more complex configuration, we can use a configuration file that webpack can reference to bundle your code. After you create a webpack.config.js file, you can represent the CLI command above with the following config settings.

webpack.config.js

var path = require('path');

module.exports = {
  entry: './app/index.js',
  output: {
    filename: 'bundle.js',
    path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist')
  }
};

This file can be run by webpack as follows.

./node_modules/.bin/webpack --config webpack.config.js

Hash: ff6c1d39b26f89b3b7bb
Version: webpack 2.2.0
Time: 390ms
    Asset    Size  Chunks                    Chunk Names
bundle.js  544 kB       0  [emitted]  [big]  main
   [0] ./~/lodash/lodash.js 540 kB {0} [built]
   [1] (webpack)/buildin/global.js 509 bytes {0} [built]
   [2] (webpack)/buildin/module.js 517 bytes {0} [built]
   [3] ./app/index.js 278 bytes {0} [built]

If a webpack.config.js is present, webpack command picks it up by default.

If you created a successful dist/bundle.js file using the 'Creating a bundle' section, delete the dist subdirectory to validate output from your webpack.config.js file settings.

The config file allows for all the flexibility in using webpack. We can add loader rules, plugins, resolve options and many other enhancements to our bundles using this configuration file.

Using webpack with npm

Given it's not particularly fun to run webpack from the CLI this way, we can set up a little shortcut. Adjust package.json like this:

{
  ...
  "scripts": {
    "build": "webpack"
  },
  ...
}

You can now achieve the same as above by using npm run build command. npm picks up the scripts through it and patches the environment temporarily so that it contains the bin commands. You will see this convention in a lot of projects out there.

You can pass custom parameters to webpack by adding two dashes to the npm run build command, e.g. npm run build -- --colors.

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