【docker安装以及基本命令】
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2024-02-02 10:35:16
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一、docker:基于容器的虚拟化（将应用托管到应用容器上），实现了一种应用程序级别的资源隔离及配额。
什么是容器？
容器：轻量级的虚拟化（共享同一系统内核），容器是由容器镜像来运行 。
优点：容器密度高，启动快，没有太多额外的开销；缺点：只能在linux操作系统
虚拟化和容器的区别？
不同点：两者都讲究的是隔离，虚拟化是物理机上安装虚拟机然后安装多种操作系统（常用的vmwore、openstack、kvm都是使用的虚拟化技术）；容器是直接将容器层安装在linux操作系统之上实现各种板块隔离
1.docker安装
方法一：使用官方安装脚本自动安装
实际上就是下载一个安装脚本，再执行安装（不推荐，因为不能选择版本安装）
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | bash -s docker --mirror Aliyun
方法二：使用yum进行安装，不推荐
yum install docker
这样直接从光盘或yum仓库里安装，版本较低
方法三：使用yum添加源进行安装指定版本，推荐
(1）添加docker-ce 源信息
yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
(2)更新yum源：是把软件包信息提前把本地缓存一份，为了提高安装搜索软件的速度
yum makecache fast
(3)安装docker-ce
yum -y install docker-ce #默认下载的是最新版本
① 查看都有哪些docker版本
yum list docker-ce.x86_64 --showduplicates | sort -r
② 下载指定版本，这里下载的稳定版本
yum -y install docker-ce-17.03.2.ce
测试：docker version / docker -v
[aaa@qq.com yum.repos.d]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version: 19.03.12
API version: 1.40
Go version: go1.13.10
Git commit: 48a66213fe
Built: Mon Jun 22 15:46:54 2020
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false
Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?
#说明docker服务没有开启
[aaa@qq.com yum.repos.d]# docker -v
Docker version 1.13.1, build 64e9980/1.13.1s
2.开启服务：systemctl enable --now docker
注1：安装过程中可能出现的问题：原因是可能之前已经安装过旧版本的docker，在安装的时候报错如下Transaction check error: file /usr/bin/docker from install of docker-ce-cli-1:19.03.12-3.el7.x86_64 conflicts with file from package docker-common-2:1.13.1-161.git64e9980.el7_8.x86_64 file /usr/bin/dockerd from install of docker-ce-3:19.03.12-3.el7.x86_64 conflicts with file from package docker-common-2:1.13.1-161.git64e9980.el7_8.x86_64解决：卸载旧版本的包
yum remove docker-common-2:1.13.1-161.git64e9980.el7_8.x86_64再次安装docker就会成功安装！
注2：:[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker --help 帮助命令
二、docker三大核心：镜像、容器、仓库
镜像：类似虚拟机镜像
容器：类似linux系统环境，运行和隔离应用。容器从镜像启动的时候，docker会在镜像的最上一层创建一个可写层，镜像本身是只读的，保持不变
仓库：每个仓库存放某一类镜像。分为两类：docker hub共有仓库、docker-registry私有仓库。(图形化构建docker仓库)
三、docker操作
1.仓库相关命令
| docker search 镜像名 | 从仓库搜索镜像 |
|---|---|
| docker pull 镜像名 | 从仓库拉出镜像，默认拉取的最新版 |
| docker push 镜像名 | 向仓库推进镜像 【hub.docker.com必须在网页上注册一个账号(docker hub注册账号)，才能把镜像推到仓库；然后在命令行使用docker login登录】 |
eg1.从仓库搜索镜像centos
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker search centos
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
centos The official build of CentOS. 6061 [OK]
ansible/centos7-ansible Ansible on Centos7 130 [OK]
consol/centos-xfce-vnc Centos container with "headless" VNC session… 116 [OK]
jdeathe/centos-ssh OpenSSH / Supervisor / EPEL/IUS/SCL Repos - … 114
...................
eg2: 从仓库拉取镜像busybox
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker pull busybox
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/busybox
76df9210b28c: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:95cf004f559831017cdf4628aaf1bb30133677be8702a8c5f2994629f637a209
Status: Downloaded newer image for busybox:latest
docker.io/library/busybox:latest
eg3:向仓库推进镜像
hub.docker.com必须在网页上注册一个账号(docker hub注册账号)，才能把镜像推到仓库
docker push 镜像名
docker login
2.镜像相关命令
| docker search 镜像名 | 搜索镜像 |
|---|---|
| docker pull 镜像名 | 拉出镜像，默认拉取的最新版 |
| docker image save 镜像名 > name.tar.gz | 导出镜像 |
| docker image rm 镜像名 | 删除镜像(若要删除正在运行的镜像加-f) |
| docker image load -i 文件名 | 导入镜像 |
| docker image ls | 查看当前镜像列表 |
| docker image inspect 镜像名 | 查看镜像详细信息 |
| docker image tag 镜像名:latest 镜像名：tag名 | 给镜像打标记，一般用在把镜像push仓库 |
eg1:查看当前镜像列表，查看镜像详细信息，查看busybox镜像历史记录
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
busybox latest 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image inspect busybox
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image history busybox
IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT
1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["sh"] 0B
<missing> 3 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:a84c53d2fe5207d17… 1.22MB
eg2:导出镜像：
方法1：docker image save 镜像名 > 路径位置信息(name.tar.gz)
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image save busybox > busybox1.tar.gz
方法2：docker image save -o 路径位置信息(name.tar.gz) 镜像名:latest
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image save -o busybox2.tar.gz busybox:latest
eg3:删除镜像：docker image rm 镜像名
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image rm busybox
Untagged: busybox:latest
Untagged: aaa@qq.com:95cf004f559831017cdf4628aaf1bb30133677be8702a8c5f2994629f637a209
Deleted: sha256:1c35c441208254cb7c3844ba95a96485388cef9ccc0646d562c7fc026e04c807
Deleted: sha256:1be74353c3d0fd55fb5638a52953e6f1bc441e5b1710921db9ec2aa202725569
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos 7 b5b4d78bc90c 7 weeks ago 203MB
eg4:导入镜像：docker image load -i 路径位置信息
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image load -i busybox1.tar.gz
1be74353c3d0: Loading layer 1.437MB/1.437MB
Loaded image: busybox:latest
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
busybox latest 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
centos 7 b5b4d78bc90c 7 weeks ago 203MB
或者
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image import busybox1.tar.gz busybox:v1
sha256:70fe82f93ddc2f501380d3749e743be3e9afd3d9dfc106ae2e22c92d830f91df
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
busybox v1 70fe82f93ddc 6 seconds ago 1.44MB
centos 7 b5b4d78bc90c 7 weeks ago 203MB
eg5:给镜像打标记：tag 一般用在把镜像push进仓库
docker image tag 镜像名:latest 镜像名：tag名
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image tag busybox:latest busybox:v1.1
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image tag busybox:latest busybox:v1.2
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
busybox latest 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
busybox v1.1 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
busybox v1.2 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
centos 7 b5b4d78bc90c 7 weeks ago 203MB
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image rm busybox:v1.1 busybox:v1.2
Untagged: busybox:v1.1
Untagged: busybox:v1.2
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
busybox latest 1c35c4412082 3 weeks ago 1.22MB
centos 7 b5b4d78bc90c 7 weeks ago 203MB
docker镜像帮助命令
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker image --help
Usage: docker image COMMAND
Manage images
Commands:
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
history Show the history of an image
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
inspect Display detailed information on one or more images
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
ls List images
prune Remove unused images
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
rm Remove one or more images
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
Run 'docker image COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
3.容器相关命令：
| docker run 镜像名 [-i/-d/-t/–name] | 启动容器 |
|---|---|
| docker stop 容器名字/容器ID | 停止容器 |
| docker kill 容器名字/容器ID | 杀死运行中的容器 |
| docker rm 容器名/容器ID | 删除容器（加-f 表示删除运行中的） |
| docker start 容器名字/容器ID | **关闭中的容器 |
| docker ps | 查看正在运行的容器的信息（状态） |
| docker ps -a | 查看所有容器的信息（状态） |
| docker ps -q | 查看正在运行的容器的ID号 |
| docker ps -aq | 查看所有容器的ID号 |
| docker inspect 容器名字/容器ID | 查看某个容器的详细信息 |
| docker exec -it 容器名 指定的shell | 对运行的容器执行指定命令exec |
eg1：启动容器
方法1（不推荐）：
先创建一个容器：docker create 镜像名
再启动容器：docker start 容器名
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker create busybox:latest
47f2de8f995999651498e6f0b58764214817e182ad8eff32b2b0b231f5fd3628
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
47f2de8f9959 busybox:latest "sh" 16 seconds ago Created recursing_galileo
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker start recursing_galileo
recursing_galileo
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
47f2de8f9959 busybox:latest "sh" 58 seconds ago Exited (0) 9 seconds ago recursing_galileo
方法2：docker run 镜像名 [-d/-i/-t/–name]，这种启动的话进去又退出的话状态就变成Exited状态
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker run -it busybox:latest
/ # ls
bin dev etc home proc root sys tmp usr var
/ # exit
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
1fcc320d6f11 busybox:latest "sh" 23 seconds ago Exited (0) 10 seconds ago gracious_hopper
47f2de8f9959 busybox:latest "sh" 3 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago recursing_galileo
而docker run 镜像名 [-d/-i/-t/–name]，进去按CTRL+p ，CTRL+Q的话，状态是UP
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker run -it busybox:latest
/ # [aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
328a8dbff50f busybox:latest "sh" 9 seconds ago Up 8 seconds vigorous_easley
或者用后台(-d)执行的方式，使状态成为UP【推荐】
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker run -idt --name c1 busybox:latest
baafbd0b1a3dfe19692929cac68e29096652c277140ccdc48f2ec8bd331631ac
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
baafbd0b1a3d busybox:latest "sh" 10 seconds ago Up 9 seconds c1
eg2:停止运行的容器：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker stop vigorous_easley
vigorous_easley
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker stop baafbd0b1a3d
baafbd0b1a3d
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
eg3: 杀死运行的容器
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker kill competent_robinson
competent_robinson
eg4:**关闭的容器：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker start competent_robinson
competent_robinson
eg5:查看容器的详细信息：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker inspect 9f91c7213a7d
[
{
"Id": "9f91c7213a7dda367f8fe152403eb2b6612c2849bb9a06299e360378db3c9f8e",
"Created": "2020-06-25T09:34:09.421984223Z",
"Path": "/bin/sh",
"Args": [],
"State": {
"Status": "exited",
"Running": false,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 0,
"ExitCode": 0,
查看正在运行的容器的ID号
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -q
f658dc1f9c9f
查看所有的容器的ID号
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -aq
f658dc1f9c9f
328a8dbff50f
baafbd0b1a3d
1fcc320d6f11
47f2de8f9959
eg6:删除容器：docker rm 容器名或容器ID
删除所有的容器：查询所有容器 IDdocker ps -aq，加-f表示删除运行中的
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker rm -f `docker ps -aq`
f658dc1f9c9f
328a8dbff50f
baafbd0b1a3d
1fcc320d6f11
47f2de8f9959
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
eg7:对运行的容器执行指定命令exec：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker exec -it centos7 /bin/bash
[aaa@qq.com73e57bae16bf /]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.8.2003 (Core)
[aaa@qq.com73e57bae16bf /]# exit
查询容器内部日志：
docker logs
四、外部访问docker容器：docker run -p（-p表示端口映射）；也就是将应用托管到应用容器上
1.从仓库拉出Mysql镜像
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker pull mysql:5.6
5.6: Pulling from library/mysql
7d2977b12acb: Pull complete
5fb8400e7f07: Pull complete
234877fbb165: Pull complete
6fe1021f12f3: Pull complete
7e36fe6b53f0: Pull complete
996ec709c11b: Pull complete
5198b7523387: Pull complete
cc9bdad4dcc0: Pull complete
380cd37ad979: Downloading 6.446MB/64.2MB
d64465acf034: Download complete
d4ee6606b3ab: Download complete
380cd37ad979: Downloading 18.26MB/64.2MB
380cd37ad979: Downloading 29.01MB/64.2MB
380cd37ad979: Pull complete
d64465acf034: Pull complete
d4ee6606b3ab: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:2bf1a0a05a6ad437dcac6689e48a9c33774ac92c6213fce2c4196343210592f3
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.6
docker.io/library/mysql:5.6
2.启动容器mysql(并设置root密码)，并且设置外部端口映射
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker run --name mysql -itd -p 3305:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.6
97be89fd63737771d36882d512f86cf484c5518de9a56848d68ca8ed31edc42c
3.外部安装mysql5.6，并且查看端口3305是否监听
yum whatprovides mysql
yum install mariadb -y
[aaa@qq.com ~]# netstat -ltunp | grep 3305
tcp6 0 0 :::3305 :::* LISTEN 6379/docker-proxy
4.从外部访问mysql容器
方法一：docker exec -it mysql mysql -uroot -p123456
[aaa@qq.com ~]# docker exec -it mysql mysql -uroot -p123456
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.48 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> select version();
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 5.6.48 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
方法2：mysql -uroot -p -h172.17.0.2
[aaa@qq.com ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h172.17.0.2
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.6.48 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MySQL [(none)]> exit
Bye
注：外部是直接不能进入mysql的，因为没有权限