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从java城堡游戏 学习设计原则

程序员文章站 2022-06-04 22:58:11
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概述

学习java语言已经有三天时间了,因为此前有C/C++语言的基础,对面向对象这些概念还比较清楚,学习java基础要轻松一点。虽然是刚刚接触,但是能明显感受到java语言写起来要比C++轻松不少,而且语言的生态也明显更好。
这次的学习案例来自翁恺老师的MOOC面向对象程序设计——java语言,B站也有这套课程的完整视频,传送门。本次要讨论的主题是设计原则,这个主题很大,不过用来说明问题的小程序的代码量并不大,是精心设计过的,认真学完还是会有很大收获。

城堡游戏v1.0

案例是一个文字版的城堡游戏,有Room和Game两个类组成,跑起来没有任何问题,简单运行一下就可以了解程序的功能。但是能运行的代码与一份高质量的代码还有这很大的差距,先阅读一下源码,并找出你认为存在问题的地方吧。

//Room.java:
package castle;

public class Room {
    public String description;
    public Room northExit;
    public Room southExit;
    public Room eastExit;
    public Room westExit;

    public Room(String description) 
    {
        this.description = description;
    }

    public void setExits(Room north, Room east, Room south, Room west) 
    {
        if(north != null)
            northExit = north;
        if(east != null)
            eastExit = east;
        if(south != null)
            southExit = south;
        if(west != null)
            westExit = west;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString()
    {
        return description;
    }
}
//Game.java
package castle;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Game {
    private Room currentRoom;
        
    public Game() 
    {
        createRooms();
    }

    private void createRooms()
    {
        Room outside, lobby, pub, study, bedroom;
      
        //	制造房间
        outside = new Room("城堡外");
        lobby = new Room("大堂");
        pub = new Room("小酒吧");
        study = new Room("书房");
        bedroom = new Room("卧室");
        
        //	初始化房间的出口
        outside.setExits(null, lobby, study, pub);
        lobby.setExits(null, null, null, outside);
        pub.setExits(null, outside, null, null);
        study.setExits(outside, bedroom, null, null);
        bedroom.setExits(null, null, null, study);

        currentRoom = outside;  //	从城堡门外开始
    }

    private void printWelcome() {
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("欢迎来到城堡!");
        System.out.println("这是一个超级无聊的游戏。");
        System.out.println("如果需要帮助,请输入 'help' 。");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
            System.out.print("north ");
        if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
            System.out.print("east ");
        if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
            System.out.print("south ");
        if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
            System.out.print("west ");
        System.out.println();
    }

    // 以下为用户命令

    private void printHelp() 
    {
        System.out.print("迷路了吗?你可以做的命令有:go bye help");
        System.out.println("如:\tgo east");
    }

    private void goRoom(String direction) 
    {
        Room nextRoom = null;
        if(direction.equals("north")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.northExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("east")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.eastExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("south")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.southExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("west")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.westExit;
        }

        if (nextRoom == null) {
            System.out.println("那里没有门!");
        }
        else {
            currentRoom = nextRoom;
            System.out.println("你在" + currentRoom);
            System.out.print("出口有: ");
            if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
                System.out.print("north ");
            if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
                System.out.print("east ");
            if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
                System.out.print("south ");
            if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
                System.out.print("west ");
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
		Game game = new Game();
		game.printWelcome();

        while ( true ) {
        		String line = in.nextLine();
        		String[] words = line.split(" ");
        		if ( words[0].equals("help") ) {
        			game.printHelp();
        		} else if (words[0].equals("go") ) {
        			game.goRoom(words[1]);
        		} else if ( words[0].equals("bye") ) {
        			break;
        		}
        }
        
        System.out.println("感谢您的光临。再见!");
        in.close();
	}

}

v1.0中存在的代码设计问题

首先比较明显的问题是代码复制,也就是一段重复的代码反复出现。例如,在Game类中的printWelcome和goRoom这两个方法中都出现了如下代码:

System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
            System.out.print("north ");
        if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
            System.out.print("east ");
        if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
            System.out.print("south ");
        if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
            System.out.print("west ");
        System.out.println();

因此可以单独写一个showPrompt方法来解决代码复制。

private void showPrompt() {
    	System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
            System.out.print("north ");
        if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
            System.out.print("east ");
        if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
            System.out.print("south ");
        if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
            System.out.print("west ");
        System.out.println();
	}

第二个问题是类之间的耦合度太高。看一下Room中的成员变量就可以发现这个问题:

public String description;
    public Room northExit;
    public Room southExit;
    public Room eastExit;
    public Room westExit;

Room这个类的成员变量完全都是public,直接暴露在外面被反复使用,这是一种非常糟糕的设计。解决办法是把成员变量改为private,同时定义好接口,供外部使用。
其中一种思路是对外提供如下的public方法,比如:

public Room getNorthExit() {
	return NorthExit;
}

这种方法虽然看似解决了问题,将成员变量从public变成了private,并定义了public方法获取成员变量,但是这是一种无可奈何的设计,因为没有从根本上起到解耦的作用,两个类的设计依旧是紧紧绑在一起,我们应该设计更有意义的接口。
我们从Game中对Room这个类的使用来看看都需要哪些接口:
一个是在我们上面重新写的showPrompt方法中:

private void showPrompt() {
    	System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
            System.out.print("north ");
        if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
            System.out.print("east ");
        if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
            System.out.print("south ");
        if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
            System.out.print("west ");
        System.out.println();
	}

另一处在goRoom方法中:

private void goRoom(String direction) 
    {
        Room nextRoom = null;
        if(direction.equals("north")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.northExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("east")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.eastExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("south")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.southExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("west")) {
            nextRoom = currentRoom.westExit;
        }

        if (nextRoom == null) {
            System.out.println("那里没有门!");
        }
        else {
            currentRoom = nextRoom;
            System.out.println("你在" + currentRoom);
            System.out.print("出口有: ");
            if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
                System.out.print("north ");
            if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
                System.out.print("east ");
            if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
                System.out.print("south ");
            if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
                System.out.print("west ");
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

因此,我们应该重新在Room中定义两个方法,把上面两个功能实现一遍,这样在Game类中就可以直接调用Room提供的方法,而不是直接操作Room的成员变量,起到真正的解耦的作用。因此,在Room类中增加两个方法:

public String getExitDesc() {
    	StringBuffer beBuffer = new StringBuffer();
    	for(String dir : exits.keySet()) {
    		beBuffer.append(dir);
    		beBuffer.append(' ');
    	}
    	return beBuffer.toString();
    }

这里值得一提的是,如果需要对字符串进行反复修改,可以使用StringBuffer,这样效率更高。如果是使用String,然后在通过“+”去反复做字符串连接,开销会很大。因为String是不会修改字符串的,每次做连接运算都是重新申请了一个新的字符串。

public Room goNext(String direction) {
        Room nextRoom = null;
        if(direction.equals("north")) {
            nextRoom = northExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("east")) {
            nextRoom = eastExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("south")) {
            nextRoom = southExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("west")) {
            nextRoom = westExit;
        }
        return nextRoom;
	}

这样上面提到的Game中的showPrompt和goRoom两个方法就可以轻松使用Room提供的接口了:

private void showPrompt() {
    	System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        System.out.println(currentRoom.getExitDesc());
	}
public void goRoom(String direction) 
    {
        Room nextRoom = currentRoom.goNext(direction);
        if (nextRoom == null) {
            System.out.println("那里没有门!");
        }
        else {
            currentRoom = nextRoom;
            showPrompt();
        }
    }

到此为止,我们已经实现了Room类和Game类的解耦。

城堡游戏v2.0

解耦为我们的代码的扩展性提供了基础,考虑一下如果现在我们想给城堡的房间添加更多的出口,该如何实现呢。先来看看我们目前的实现方式:

public class Room {
    private String description;
    private Room northExit;
    private Room southExit;
    private Room eastExit;
    private Room westExit;
    }

也就是说,每个房间的出口是通过硬编码的方式写死的,如果想添加更多的出口,就意味着定义更多的成员变量。如果希望程序能有更好的可扩展性,就不能使用硬编码,而是使用容器来进行统一管理。这样将来扩展的时候,将扩展的内容直接加入到容器里统一处理就可以了,其他代码都无需修改。
这里使用HashMap来将方向与房间对应起来,将Room的成员变量修改为:

public class Room {
    private String description;
    private HashMap<String, Room> exits = new HashMap<String,Room>();
    }

当然相应的方法也要进行修改,不过修改后更简洁:

public Room goNext(String direction) {
        return exits.get(direction);
	}
public void setExit(String dir,Room room) {
    	exits.put(dir, room);
    }
public String getExitDesc() {
    	StringBuffer beBuffer = new StringBuffer();
    	for(String dir : exits.keySet()) {
    		beBuffer.append(dir);
    		beBuffer.append(' ');
    	}
    	return beBuffer.toString();
    }

到此我们已经实现了对于房间出口的扩展,现在如果想为房间添加除了东南西北以外的出口,比如向上或者向下,直接在Game的初始化代码中加一行代码即可:

bedroom.setExit("up", study);//卧室向上走是书房
study.setExit("down", bedroom);//书房向下走是卧室

城堡游戏v3.0

到这里,我们已经实现了对房间出口的扩展,如果我们还想实现对命令的扩展呢?同样,我们先来看看当前的实现:

while ( true ) {
        		String line = in.nextLine();
        		String[] words = line.split(" ");
        		if ( words[0].equals("help") ) {
        			game.printHelp();
        		} else if (words[0].equals("go") ) {
        			game.goRoom(words[1]);
        		} else if ( words[0].equals("bye") ) {
        			break;
        		}
        }

依然是采用了一种硬编码的方式,分析出玩家的指令,然后调用相应的方法来处理。如果要实现对指令的扩展,我们依然不能使用硬编码,而是寻找一种统一的管理方法。在这里,我们可以继续使用HashMap,但是我们需要注意的是,HashMap只能表示对象之间的对应关系,是没法表示字符串到函数这种对应关系的。因此,我们可以为不同的指令都创建一个Handler对象,用HashMap保存这种对应关系,遇到不同的指令,就调用对应的Handler中的方法来解决问题,其实是多态的一种体现。
因此,Game中要增加成员变量:

private HashMap<String, Handler> handlers = new HashMap<String, Handler>();

同时增加每条指令对应的Handler。

最终代码

//Game.java
package castle;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Game {
    private Room currentRoom;
    private HashMap<String, Handler> handlers = new HashMap<String, Handler>();
        
    public Game() 
    {
        handlers.put("go", new HandlerGo(this));
        handlers.put("bye", new HandlerBye(this));
        handlers.put("help", new HandlerHelp(this));
    	createRooms();
    }

    private void createRooms()
    {
        Room outside, lobby, pub, study, bedroom;
      
        //	制造房间
        outside = new Room("城堡外");
        lobby = new Room("大堂");
        pub = new Room("小酒吧");
        study = new Room("书房");
        bedroom = new Room("卧室");
        
        //	初始化房间的出口
        outside.setExit("east", lobby);
        outside.setExit("south", study);
        outside.setExit("west", pub);
        lobby.setExit("west", outside);
        pub.setExit("east", outside);
        study.setExit("north",outside);
        study.setExit("east",bedroom);
        bedroom.setExit("west", study);
        bedroom.setExit("up", study);
        study.setExit("down", bedroom);

        currentRoom = outside;  //	从城堡门外开始
    }

    private void printWelcome() {
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("欢迎来到城堡!");
        System.out.println("这是一个超级无聊的游戏。");
        System.out.println("如果需要帮助,请输入 'help' 。");
        System.out.println();
        showPrompt();
    }
    
    private void showPrompt() {
    	System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有:");
        System.out.println(currentRoom.getExitDesc());
	}
    

    // 以下为用户命令

    public void goRoom(String direction) 
    {
        Room nextRoom = currentRoom.goNext(direction);
        if (nextRoom == null) {
            System.out.println("那里没有门!");
        }
        else {
            currentRoom = nextRoom;
            showPrompt();
        }
    }
	public void play() {
		Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
		while ( true ) {
    		String line = in.nextLine();
    		String[] words = line.split(" ");
    		Handler handler = handlers.get(words[0]);
    		String value = "";
    		if( words.length > 1) {
    			value = words[1];
    		}
    		if(handler != null) {
    			handler.doCmd(value);
    			if(handler.isBye()) {
    				break;
    			}
    		}
//    		if ( words[0].equals("help") ) {
//    			printHelp();
//    		} else if (words[0].equals("go") ) {
//    			goRoom(words[1]);
//    		} else if ( words[0].equals("bye") ) {
//    			break;
//    		}
		}
		System.out.println("感谢您的光临。再见!");
		in.close();
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Game game = new Game();
		game.printWelcome();
        game.play();
	}

}
//Room.java
package castle;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Room {
    private String description;
    private HashMap<String, Room> exits = new HashMap<String,Room>();

    public Room(String description) 
    {
        this.description = description;
    }
    
    public String getExitDesc() {
    	StringBuffer beBuffer = new StringBuffer();
    	for(String dir : exits.keySet()) {
    		beBuffer.append(dir);
    		beBuffer.append(' ');
    	}
    	return beBuffer.toString();
    }
    
    public Room goNext(String direction) {
        return exits.get(direction);
	}
    
    public void setExit(String dir,Room room) {
    	exits.put(dir, room);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString()
    {
        return description;
    }
}
//Handler.java
package castle;

public class Handler {
	protected Game game;
	
	public Handler(Game game) {
		this.game = game;
	}
	public void doCmd(String word) {
		
	}
	public boolean isBye() {
		return false;
	}
}
//HandlerBye.java
package castle;

public class HandlerBye extends Handler{
	public HandlerBye(Game game) {
		super(game);
	}
	@Override
	public boolean isBye() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return true;
	}	
}
//HandlerHelp.java
package castle;

public class HandlerHelp extends Handler{
	public HandlerHelp(Game game) {
		super(game);
	}
	@Override
	public void doCmd(String word) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("迷路了吗?你可以做的命令有:go bye help");
        System.out.println("如:\tgo east");
	}	
}
//HandlerGo.java
package castle;

public class HandlerGo extends Handler {
	public HandlerGo(Game game) {
		super(game);
	}
	@Override
	public void doCmd(String word) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		game.goRoom(word);
	}	
}