MySQL多表查询
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2022-05-15 13:36:38
MySQL多表查询 建表与数据准备 多表连接查询 1 交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积 2 内连接:只连接匹配的行 3 外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录 4 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录 5 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录 符合条件连接查询 子查询 2 带比较运算符的子查询 ......
mysql多表查询
建表与数据准备
#建表 create table department( #部门表 id int, name varchar(20) ); create table employee( #员工表 id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int ); #插入数据 insert into department values (200,'技术'), (201,'人力资源'), (202,'销售'), (203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('daxia','female',18,200), ('anwen','male',23,201), ('wudi','male',38,201), ('yage','female',23,202), ('dafei','male',18,200), ('jingyu','female',18,204) ; #查看表结构和数据 mysql> desc department; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field | type | null | key | default | extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | yes | | null | | | name | varchar(20) | yes | | null | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc employee; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | field | type | null | key | default | extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | no | pri | null | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | yes | | null | | | sex | enum('male','female') | no | | male | | | age | int(11) | yes | | null | | | dep_id | int(11) | yes | | null | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> select * from department; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------------+ mysql> select * from employee; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | | 2 | anwen | male | 23 | 201 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yage | female | 23 | 202 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
多表连接查询
#重点:外链接语法 select 字段列表 from 表1 inner|left|right join 表2 on 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
2 内连接:只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果 #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | daxia | 18 | female | 技术 | | 2 | anwen | 48 | male | 人力资源 | | 3 | wudi | 38 | male | 人力资源 | | 4 | yage | 28 | female | 销售 | | 5 | dafei | 18 | male | 技术 | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
3 外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+------------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+------------+--------------+ | 1 | daxia | 技术 | | 5 | dafei | 技术 | | 2 | anwen | 人力资源 | | 3 | wudi | 人力资源 | | 4 | dafei | 销售 | | 6 | jingyu | null | +----+------------+--------------+
4 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+-----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 | daxia | 技术 | | 2 | anwen | 人力资源 | | 3 | wudi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yage | 销售 | | 5 | dafei | 技术 | | null | null | 运营 | +------+-----------+--------------+
5 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果 #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full join #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接 select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; #查看结果 +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | null | null | | null | null | null | null | null | 203 | 运营 | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
符合条件连接查询
#示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门 select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25; #示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示 select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id = department.id and age > 25 order by age asc;
子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。 #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。 #3:子查询中可以包含:in、not in、any、all、exists 和 not exists等关键字 #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带in关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id) select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp); +---------+------+ | name | age | +---------+------+ | anwen | 48 | | wudi | 38 | +---------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
3 带exists关键字的子查询
exists关字键字表示存在。在使用exists关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。true或false
当返回true时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为false时,外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203,ture mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=200); +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | | 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205,false mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=204); empty set (0.00 sec)
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