JPA开发
1. 什么是JPA
1. JPA(Java Persistence API)是Sun官方提出的Java持久化规范。它为Java开发人员提供了一种对象/关系映射工具来管理Java应用中的关系数据。他的出现主要是为了简化现有的持久化开发工作和整合ORM技术,结束现在Hibernate、TopLink、JDO等ORM框架各自为营的局面。值得注意的是,JPA是在充分吸收了现有Hibernate、TopLink、JDO等ORM框架的基础上发展而来的,具有易于使用、伸缩性强等优点。从目前的开发社区的反应上看,JPA受到了极大的支持和赞扬,其中就包括了Spring与EJB3.0的开发团队。着眼未来几年的技术走向,JPA作为ORM领域标准化整合者的目标应该不难实现。
2. JPA的总体思想和现有Hibernate、TopLink、JDO等ORM框架大体一致,总的来说,JPA包括以下3方面的技术:
2.1 ORM映射元数据
JPA支持XML和JDK5.0注释(注解)两种元数据的形式,元数据描述对象和表之间的映射关系,框架据此将实体对象持久化到数据库表中。
2.2 Java持久化API
用来操作实体对象,执行CRUD操作,框架在后台替我们完成所有的事情,开发者可以从繁琐的JDBC和SQL代码中解脱出来。
2.3 查询语言
这是持久化操作中很重要的一个方面,通过面向对象而非面向数据库的查询语言查询数据,避免程序的SQL语句紧密耦合。
提示:JPA不是一种新的ORM框架,他的出现只是用于规范现有的ORM技术,它不能取代现有的Hibernate、TopLink等ORM框架。相反,在采用JPA开发时,我们仍将使用这些ORM框架,只是此时开发出来的应用不再依赖于某个持久化提供商。应用可以在不修改代码的情况下在任何JPA环境下运行,真正做到低耦合,可扩展的程序设计。
2. 开发JPA依赖的jar文件
Hibernate核心包(8个文件)
hibernate-distribution-3.3.1.GA
hibernate3.jar lib\bytecode\cglib\hibernate-cglib-repack-2.1_3.jar lib\required\*.jar |
Hibernate注解包(3个文件):hibernate-annotations-3.4.0.GA
hibernate-annotations.jar lib\ejb3-persistence.jar、hibernate-commons-annotations.jar |
Hibernate针对JPA的实现包(3个文件):hibernate-entitymanager-3.4.0.GA
hibernate-entitymanager.jar lib\test\log4j.jar、slf4j-log4j12.jar |
3.JPA的配置文件
JPA规范要求在类路径的META-INF目录下放置persistence.xml, 文件的名称是固定的,配置模板如下:
<persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_1_0.xsd" version="1.0"> <persistence-unit name="itcast" transaction-type=”RESOURCE-LOCAL”> <properties> <property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect"/> <property name=”hibernate.connection.driver_class” value=”org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver” /> <property name=”hibernate.connection.username” value=”root” /> <property name=”hibernate.connection.password” value=”root” /> <property name=”hibernate.connection.url” value=”jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/itcast?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8”/> <property name=”hibernate.max_fetch-depth” value=”3” /> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update"/> </properties> </persistence-unit> </persistence> |
4. JPA实例
建立一个名为JPA的java project, 在src目录下新建META-INF文件夹,并把persistence.xml文件放入其中
建立实体bean
package cn.itcast.bean; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistentce.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistentce.GeneratedType; import javax.persistentce.Id;
@Entity @Table(name=”xxx”) public class Person { private Integer id; private String name; private Date birthday; //1887-12-10 private Gender gerder = Gender.MAN; private String info; //存放大文本数据 private Byte[] file; //大数据(大于1M)延迟加载 private String imagepath; //不希望该字段映射到数据库
public Person(String name) { this.name = name; }
@Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() { } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } @Column(length=10,nullable=false,name=”personName”) public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @Temporal(TemporalType.DATE) public Date getBirthday() { return birthday; } public void setBirthday(Date birthday) { this.birthday = birthday; } @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING) @Column(length=5,nullable=false) public Gender getGender() { return gender; } public vod setGender(Gender gender) { this.gender = gender; } @Lob public String getInfo { return info; } public void setInfo(String info) { this.info = info; } @Lob @Basic(fetch=FetchType.LAZY) public Byte[] getFile() { return file; } public void setFile(Byte[] file) { this.file = file; } @Transient publc String getImagepath() { return imagepath; } public void setImagepath(String imagepath) { this.imagepath = imagepath; } } |
枚举类
package cn.itcast.bean; public enum Gender { MAM,WOMEN } |
测试代码
package junit.test;
public class PersonTest {
@Test public void save() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务 em.persist(new Persion(“传智博客”)); //new状态 em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void getPerson() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); Person person = em.find(Person.class,1); System.out.println(person.getName()); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void getPerson() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); Person person = em.getReference(Person.class,1); System.out.println(person.getName()); em.close(); factory.close(); }
@Test public void updatePerson() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务 Person person = em.find(Person.class,1); //托管状态 person.setName (“老张”); //处于托管状态,对person的修改可以同步到数据库 //em.clear(); //把实体管理器的所有实体变成游离状态 em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void updatePerson2() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务 em.clear(); //把实体管理器的所有实体变成游离状态 person.setName (“老黎”); //处于托管状态,对person的修改可以同步到数据库 em.merge(person); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void delete() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务 Person person = em.find(Person.class,1); em.remove(person); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void query() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); Query query = em.createQuery(“select o from Person o where o.id=?1”); query.setParameter(1,2); List<Person> persons = query.getResultList(); for(Person person:persons) System.out.println(person.getName()); em.close(); factory.close(); } @Test public void deletequery() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); Query query = em.createQuery(“delete from Person o where o.id=?1”); query.setParameter(1,2); query.executeUpdate(); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); }
@Test public void queryupdate() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务 Query query = em.createQuery(“update Person o set o.name=:name where o.id=:id”); query.setParameter(“name”,”xxx”); query.setParameter(“id”,3); query.executeUpdate(); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } } |
5. JPA中的一对多双向关联与级联操作
多的一方为关系维护端,关系维护端负责外键记录的更新,关系被维护端是没有权利更新外键记录
package cn.itcast.bean; import javax.persistence.Entity; @Entity public class OrderItem { private Integer id; private String productName; private Float sellPrice = 0f; private Order order;
@Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() { return id; } public setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } @Column(length=40,nullable=false) public String getProductName() { return productName; } public void setProductName(String productName) { this.productName = productName; } @Column(nullable=false) public Float getSellPrice() { return sellPrice; } public void setSellPrice (Float sellPrice) { this. sellPrice = sellPrice } @ManyToOne(cascade={ascadeType.MERGE, CascadeType.REFERSH},optional=false) @JoinColumn(name=”order_id”) public Order getOrder() { //默认立即加载 return order; } public void setOrder(Order order) { this.order = order; } } |
Order实体
@Entity @Table(name=”orders”) public class Order { private String orderid; private Float amount = 0f; private Set<OrderItem> items = new HashSet<OrderItem>();
@Id @Column(length=12) public String getOrderid() { return ordered; } public void setOrderid(String ordered) { this.orderid = ordered; } @Column(nullable=false) public Float getAmount() { return amount; } public void setAmount(Float amount) { this.amount = amount; } @OneToMany(cascade={CascadeType.REFRESH,CascadeType.PERSIST,CascadeType.MERGE,CascadeType.REMOVE},fetch=FetchType.LAZY,mappedBy=”order”) public Set<OrderItem> getItems() { //默认延迟加载 return items; } public void setItems(Set<OrderItem> items) { this.items = items; } |
保存操作
public class OneToManyTest { @Test public void save() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务
Order order = new Order(); order.setAmout(34f); order.setOrderid(“999”); OrderItem orderItem1 = new OrderItem(); orderItem1.setProductName(“足球”); orderItem1.setSellPrice(90f); OrderItem orderItem2 = new OrderItem(); orderItem1.setProductName(“瑜伽球”); orderItem1.setSellPrice(30f); order.addOrderItem(orderItem1); order.addOrderItem(orderItem2);
em.persist(order); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } } |
6. JPA中一对一双向关联
Peron实体
@Entity public class Person { private Integer id; private String name; private IDCard idcard; public Person(){} public Public(String name) { this.name = name } @Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } pubic void setName() { this.name = name; } @OneToOne(optional=false,cascade=CascadeType.ALL) @JoinColumn(name=”idcard_id”) public IDCard getIdcard() { return idcard; } public void setIdcard(IDCard idcard) { this.idcard = idcard; } } |
IDCard实体
public class IDCard { private Integer id; private String cardno; private Persion person; public IDCard (){} public IDCard (String cardno) { this.cardno = cardno; }
@Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() { return id; } pubic void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } @Column(length=18,nullable=false) public String getCardno() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @OneToOne(mappedBy=”idcard”,cascade={CascadeType.PERSIST,CascadeType.MERGE,CascadeType.REFRESH},optional=”false”) public Person getPerson() { return person; } pubic void setPerson(Person person) { this.person = person; } } |
保存操作
public class OneToManyTest { @Test public void save() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); //开始事务
Person person = new Person(“老张”); IDCard idcard = new IDCard(“11111”);
em.persist(person); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(); factory.close(); } } |
7. JPA中多对多双向关联
public class Student { private Integer id; private String name; private Set<Teacher> teachers= new HashSet<Teacher>(); public Student() {} public Student(String name) { this name = name; } @Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() {…} public void setId(Integer id) {…} @Column(length=10,nullable=false) public String getName() {…} public void setId(String name){…} @ManyToMany(cascade=CascadeType.REFRESH) @JoinTable(name=”student_teacher”,inverseJoinColumns=@JoinColumn(name=”teacher_id”),joinColumns=@JoinColumn(name=”student_id”)) public Set<Teacher> getTeacher() {…} public void setTeacher(Set<Teacher> teacher) {…} } |
Teacher实体
@Entity public class Teacher private Integer id; private String name; private Set<Student> student = new HashSet< Student >(); public Teacher() {} public Teacher(String name) { this.name = name; } @Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() {…} public void setId(Integer id) {…} public String getName() {…} public void setId(String name){…} @ManyToMany(cascade=CascadeType.REFRESH,mappendBy=”teachers”) public Set< Student> get Student () {…} public void setTeacher(Set<Student> student) {…} } |
保存操作
public class ManyToManyTest { @Test public void save() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); em.persist(new Student(“小张”); em.persist(new Teacher(“李勇”); em.getTransaction().commit(); factory.close(); } //建立学生跟老师的关系 @Test public void buildTS() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); Student student = em.find(Student.class,1); student.addTeacher(em.getReference(Teacher.class,1)); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close(): factory.close(); factory.close(); } //解除学生跟老师的关系 @Test public void deleteTS() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); Student student = em.find(Student.class,1); student.removeTeacher(em.getReference(Teacher.class,1)); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close() factory.close(); factory.close(); } //删除老师 @Test public void deleteTeacher() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); Student student = em.find(Student.class,1); student.removeTeacher(em.getReference(Teacher.class,1)); em.remove(teacher); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close() factory.close(); factory.close(); } //删除学生 @Test public void deleteStudent() { EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”); EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); em.getTransaction().begin(); Student student = em.getReference(Student.class,1); em.remove(student); em.getTransaction().commit(); em.close() factory.close(); factory.close(); }
} |
8. 联合主键
@Embeddable public class AirLinePK implements Serializable { private String startCity; private String endCity;
@Column(length=3) public String getStartCity() { return startCity; } public void setStartCity(String startCity) { this.startCity = startCity; } @Column(length=3) public String getEndCity() { return endCity; } public void setEndCity(String endCity) { this. endCity = endCity; }
public int hashCode() { final int prime = 31; int result = 1; result = prime * result + ((endCity ==null)?0:endCity.hashCode()); result = prime * result + ((startCity == null)?0:startCity.hashCode()); return result; } public boolean equals(Object obj) { if(this == obj) return true; if(obj == null) return false; if(getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false; final AirLinePK other = (AirLinePK) obj; if(endCity == null) { if(other.endCity != null) return false; }else if(!endCity.equals(other.endCity)) { return false; } if(startCity == null) { if(other. startCity != null) return false; }else if(!estartCity.equals(other. startCity)) { return false; } return true; } } |
AirLine实体
@Entity public class AirLine { private AirLinePK id; private String name; public AirLine() {} public AirLine(AirLinePK id) { this.id = id; } public AirLine(String startCity,String endCity,String name) { this.id = new AirLinePk(startCity,endCity); this.name = name; } @EmbeddedId public AirLinePK getId() { return id; } public void setId(AirLinePK id) { this.id = id; } @Column(length=20) public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } } |
单元测试
@Test public void save() {
EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(“itcast”);
EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
em.getTransaction().begin();
em.persist(new AirLine(“PEK”,”SHA’,”北京飞上海”));
em.getTransaction().commit();
em.close()
factory.close();
factory.close();
}