详解MySQL8.0 字典表增强
mysql中数据字典是数据库重要的组成部分之一,information_schema首次引入于mysql 5.0,作为一种从正在运行的mysql服务器检索元数据的标准兼容方式。用于存储数据元数据、统计信息、以及有关mysql server的访问信息(例如:数据库名或表名,字段的数据类型和访问权限等)。
8.0之前:
1、元数据来自文件
2、采用memory表引擎
3、frm文件 存放表结构信息
4、opt文件,记录了每个库的一些基本信息,包括库的字符集等信息
5、.trn,.trg文件用于存放触发器的信息内容
5.6> select table_schema ,engine ,count(*) from information_schema.tables where table_schema in ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys') group by table_schema ,engine; +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | table_schema | engine | count(*) | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | information_schema | memory | 49 | | information_schema | myisam | 10 | | mysql | csv | 2 | | mysql | innodb | 6 | | mysql | myisam | 21 | | performance_schema | performance_schema | 52 | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+
5.7> select table_schema ,engine ,count(*) from information_schema.tables where table_schema in ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys') group by table_schema ,engine; +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | table_schema | engine | count(*) | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | information_schema | innodb | 10 | | information_schema | memory | 51 | | mysql | csv | 2 | | mysql | innodb | 19 | | mysql | myisam | 10 | | performance_schema | performance_schema | 87 | | sys | null | 100 | | sys | innodb | 1 | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+
8.0之后:
1、元数据存在表中
2、全部迁到mysql库下,改为innodb表引擎,且被隐藏
3、information_schema下只能通过view查看
4、null的全部为view
5、存储在单独的表空间mysql.ibd
8.0> select table_schema,engine,count(*) from tables where table_schema in ('information_schema','mysql','performance_schema','sys') group by table_schema,engine; +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | table_schema | engine | count(*) | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+ | information_schema | null | 65 | | mysql | innodb | 31 | | mysql | csv | 2 | | performance_schema | performance_schema | 102 | | sys | null | 100 | | sys | innodb | 1 | +--------------------+--------------------+----------+
尽管5.7有了一些改进,但information_schema的性能仍然是我们许多用户的主要痛点。在当前information_schema实现方式下产生的性能问题背后的关键原因是,information_schema表的查询实现方式是在查询执行期间创建临时表。
如下,当我们查询表碎片时:
5.7> explain select round(data_free/1024/1024) as data_free from information_schema.tables where data_free/1024/1024 > 1024 and table_schema not in ('information_schema', 'mysql', 'performance_schema', 'sys'); +----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | extra | +----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | simple | tables | all | null | null | null | null | null | using where; open_full_table; scanned all databases | +----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
extra信息会有open_full_table; scanned all databases 。
skip_open_table,open_frm_only,open_full_table这些值表示适用于information_schema表查询时对文件打开的优化;
- skip_open_table:表文件不需要打开。信息已经通过扫描数据库目录在查询中实现可用。
- open_frm_only:只需要打开表的.frm文件。
- open_full_table:未优化的信息查找。必须打开.frm、.myd和.myi文件。
- scanned n databases:指在处理information_schema查询时,有多少目录需要扫描。
如果一个mysql实例有上百个库,每个库又有上百张表,information_schema查询最终会从文件系统中读取每个单独的frm文件,造成很多i/o读取。并且最终还会消耗更多的cpu来打开表并准备相关的内存数据结构。它也确实会尝试使用mysql server层的表缓存(系统变量table_definition_cache ),但是在大型实例中,很少有一个足够大的表缓存来容纳所有的表。所以内存使用量会急剧上升,甚至出现oom。
通常我们习惯通过以下手段解决此问题:
1、库表拆分,减少单实例打开文件数量
2、调整table_definition_cache和table_open_cache数量
3、添加物理内存
mysql 8.0 问世之后,又提供了一种选择,由于字典表采用innodb引擎,而且字典表可以使用索引。
下面的图解释了mysql 5.7和8.0设计上的区别:
8.0> explain select table_name,table_rows,concat(round(data_length/1024/1024, 2), 'mb') as size,concat(round(index_length/1024/1024, 2), 'mb') as index_size,data_free/1024/1024 as data_free_mb from information_schema.tables where table_schema not in ('information_schema','performance_schema','test') order by data_free_mb desc limit 10; +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+--------------------+------------+---------+-------------------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+--------------------+------------+---------+-------------------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+ | 1 | simple | cat | null | index | primary | name | 194 | null | 1 | 100.00 | using index; using temporary; using filesort | | 1 | simple | sch | null | ref | primary,catalog_id | catalog_id | 8 | mysql.cat.id | 6 | 50.00 | using where; using index | | 1 | simple | tbl | null | ref | schema_id | schema_id | 8 | mysql.sch.id | 52 | 100.00 | using where | | 1 | simple | ts | null | eq_ref | primary | primary | 8 | mysql.tbl.tablespace_id | 1 | 100.00 | null | | 1 | simple | stat | null | eq_ref | primary | primary | 388 | mysql.sch.name,mysql.tbl.name | 1 | 100.00 | null | | 1 | simple | col | null | eq_ref | primary | primary | 8 | mysql.tbl.collation_id | 1 | 100.00 | using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+--------------------+------------+---------+-------------------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
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