kubernetes系列06—kubernetes资源清单定义入门
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1、认识kubernetes资源
1.1 常用资源/对象
- workload工作负载型资源:pod,replicaset,deployment,statefulset,daemonset,job...
- 服务器发现及均衡:service,lngress...
- 配置与存储:volume,csi
- configmap,secret
- downwardapi
- 集群级资源
- namespace,node,role,clusterrole,rolebinding,clusterrolebinding
- 元数据型资源
- hpa,podtemplate,limitrange
1.2 创建资源的方法
- apiserver 仅接受json格式的资源定义;
- yaml格式提供配置清单,apiserver 可自动将其转为json格式,而后再提交;
1.3 大部分(主流)资源的配置清单:有5个一级字段组成
- apiserver:group/version
- 查询当前支持哪些apiserver:$ kubectl api-versions
- kind:资源类别
- metadata:元数据
- name:名称
- namespace:名称空间
- labels:标签
- annotation:资源注解
- selflink:每个资源的引用path,/api/group/version/namespaces/namespace/type/name
- spec:期望的状态(disired state),期望资源应该用于什么特性
- status:当前状态(current state),本字段由kubernetes集群维护,用户不能自己定义
1.4 使用kubectl explain查询每个资源如何配置
(1)例如查询如何定义pod资源
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod
kind: pod
version: v1
description:
pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host. this resource is
created by clients and scheduled onto hosts.
fields:
apiversion <string>
... ...
kind <string>
... ...
metadata <object>
... ...
spec <object>
... ...
status <object>
... ...
(2)能一级一级进入查询;如查询定义pod 的metadata字段
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec
kind: pod
version: v1
resource: spec <object>
description:
... ...
fields:
... ..
affinity <object>
... ...
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containers
kind: pod
version: v1
resource: containers <[]object>
description:
... ...
fields:
args <[]string>
... ...
command <[]string>
... ...
自己定义资源时,不清楚如何定义,可以进行快速的查询
1.5 示例
(1)查询集群中的pod(上篇创建的pod)
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
name ready status restarts age
client 1/1 running 0 4h
myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg 1/1 running 0 46m
myapp-848b5b879b-wtrjr 1/1 running 0 46m
myapp-848b5b879b-z2sqc 1/1 running 0 46m
(2)-o yaml输出为yaml格式,查看pod创建的操作
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg -o yaml
apiversion: v1 #api版本
kind: pod #资源类别
metadata: #元数据
annotations:
cni.projectcalico.org/podip: 10.244.1.60/32
labels:
pod-template-hash: "4046164356"
run: myapp
name: myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg
namespace: default
... ...
selflink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg
spec: #规格、规范;期望资源应该用于什么特性;期望目标状态
... ...
status: #当前状态
... ...
1.6 演示:基于yaml格式文件,创建pod
[root@master ~]# mkdir manifests
[root@master ~]# cd manifests/
(1)编写pod-demo.yaml文件
创建2个容器,一个运行nginx;一个在busybox中执行sleep命令
[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: pod-demo
namespace: default
#labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以写为{}形式;
labels: #也可以在下边分级写
app: myapp
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
- name: busybox
image: busybox:latest
#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"] #列表可以写为[]形式;
command: #也可以在下边分级写,要加-
- "/bin/sh"
- "-c"
- "sleep 3600"
(2)基于pod-demo.yaml 文件创建create pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml
pod/pod-demo created
(3)验证
① 查询创建pod的信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml
pod/pod-demo created
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods -o wide
name ready status restarts age ip node
pod-demo 2/2 running 0 1m 10.244.1.61 node1
---查看详细信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods pod-demo
name: pod-demo
namespace: default
... ...
② 访问pod中的服务
[root@master manifests]# curl 10.244.1.61
hello myapp | version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">pod name</a>
---查询pod产生的日志
[root@master manifests]# kubectl logs pod-demo myapp
192.168.130.104 - - [23/jan/2019:05:35:35 +0000] "get / http/1.1" 200 65 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "-"
③ 基于yaml文件删除pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo.yaml
pod "pod-demo" deleted
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods
no resources found.
2、pod资源
2.1 pod资源常用选项
- metadata.label:标签
- key=value
- key:字母、数字、_、-、.
- value:可以为空,只能字母或数字开头及结尾,中间可使用字母、数字、_、-、.
- key=value
- metadata.annotations:资源注解
- spec.containers <[]object>
- - name:容器名称
- image:镜像
- imagepullpolicy:下载镜像规则,若镜像时latest标签,默认是always;否则默认ifnotpresen
- always总是镜像,never不下载镜像,ifnotpresent本地有则不下载
- ports:从容器中公开的端口列表
- containerport:pod中服务的端口号
- hostip:暴露绑定在主机哪个ip上
- hostport:暴露在主机的端口号
- name:暴露这个端口的名称
- args:参数
- command:执行命令
- spec.nodeselector:节点标签选择器
2.2 演示
(1)修改pod-demo.yaml文件
[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: pod-demo
namespace: default
#labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以写为{}形式;
labels: #也可以在下边分级写
app: myapp
tier: frontend
annotations:
along.com/created-by: "cluster admin"
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
ports:
- name: http
containerport: 80
- name: https
containerport: 443
- name: busybox
image: busybox:latest
imagepullpolicy: ifnotpresent
#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"] #列表可以写为[]形式;
command: #也可以在下边分级写,要加-
- "/bin/sh"
- "-c"
- "sleep 3600"
nodeselector:
disktype: ssd
(2)将node1节点打上disktype=ssd的标签
[root@master manifests]# kubectl label node node1 disktype=ssd
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get nodes node1 --show-labels
name status roles age version labels
node1 ready <none> 140d v1.11.2 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=node1
(3)基于yaml文件创建pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml
pod/pod-demo created
(4)验证
--- pod只会创建到node1节点上,因为node1的disktype=ssd标签
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pod -o wide
name ready status restarts age ip node
pod-demo 2/2 running 0 11s 10.244.1.68 node1
--- -l 指定标签,实现标签过滤
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods --show-labels -l app
name ready status restarts age labels
pod-demo 2/2 running 0 30s app=myapp,tier=frontend
3、pod健康检测
3.1 pod健康检测介绍
- pod健康检测分为存活性探测、 就绪型探测;这在生产环境几乎是必须配置的;
- 如果没有就绪型探测;pod一启动就会被分配用户流量;若pod中的服务像tomcat等,需要时间启动;就会导致有一定时间,用户访问不到服务;
- 如果没有存活性探测:pod中服务一旦失败,没有检测,不会将容器重启关闭;也会导致用户访问服务失败。
3.2 pod健康检测选项
(1)在spec字段下、containers字段配置,可使用explain查看详细用法
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.
- livenessprobe 存活性探测
- exec:指定检测的命令
- failurethreshold:连续失败次数被认为失败,默认为3,最小值为1
- httpget:指定要执行的http请求
- initialdelayseconds:在容器启动多少秒后再检测
- periodseconds:每隔多少秒探测一次;默认为10秒。最低限度值是1
- successthreshold:连续成功次数认为服务正常
- tcpsocket:定涉及tcp端口的操作
- timeoutseconds:探测超时的秒数,默认为1秒
- readinessprobe 就绪型探测(和livenessprobe 存活性探测选项一样)
(2)pod中容器挂了,是否重启pod
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.restartpolicy.
- always:总是重启(默认)
- onfailure:只有容器状态为错误时,才重启
- never:绝不重启
3.3 演示:exec方式实现存活性探测
(1)编写yaml文件
当探测到/tmp/healthy文件不存在时,认为服务故障;
容器在30秒后执行删除/tmp/healthy文件
[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-exec.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: liveness-exec-pod
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: liveness-exec-container
image: busybox:latest
imagepullpolicy: ifnotpresent
command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"]
livenessprobe:
exec:
command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"]
initialdelayseconds: 1 #在容器启动后1秒开始检测
periodseconds: 3 #每隔3秒探测一次
restartpolicy: always #总是重启pod
(2)创建运行pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-exec.yaml
pod/liveness-exec-pod created
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods
name ready status restarts age
liveness-exec-pod 1/1 running 0 6s
(3)等30s,容器就会检测失败,重启pod;使用describe可以查看详细信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-exec-pod
... ...
state: running
started: wed, 23 jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800
last state: terminated #上次状态为终止
reason: error
exit code: 137
started: wed, 23 jan 2019 16:57:01 +0800
finished: wed, 23 jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800
ready: true
restart count: 1 #重启次数1次
liveness: exec [test -e /tmp/healthy] delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3
... ...
3.4 演示:httpget方式实现存活性探测
(1)编写yaml文件,创建并运行pod
当探测不到容器内80端口,和提供80端口的/index.html文件时,认为服务故障;
[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-httpget.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: liveness-httpget-pod
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: liveness-exec-container
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
ports:
- name: http
containerport: 80
livenessprobe:
httpget:
port: http
path: /index.html
initialdelayseconds: 1
periodseconds: 3
restartpolicy: always
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-httpget.yaml
pod/liveness-httpget-pod created
(2)手动连入容器,删除index.html文件
[root@master manifests]# kubectl exec -it liveness-httpget-pod -- /bin/sh
/ # rm -f /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
(3)容器会检测失败,重启pod;使用describe可以查看详细信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-httpget-pod
... ...
port: 80/tcp
host port: 0/tcp
state: running
started: wed, 23 jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800
last state: terminated #上次状态为终止
reason: completed
exit code: 0
started: wed, 23 jan 2019 17:08:22 +0800
finished: wed, 23 jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800
ready: true
restart count: 1 #重启次数1次
liveness: http-get http://:http/index.html delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3
... ...
3.5 演示:exec方式实现就绪性探测
(1)编写yaml文件,创建启动容器
当探测到/tmp/healthy文件不存在时,就认为服务就绪不成功;pod启动失败;
[root@master manifests]# vim readiness-exec.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: readiness-exec-pod
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: readiness-exec-container
image: busybox:latest
imagepullpolicy: ifnotpresent
#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"]
command: ["sleep 3600"]
readinessprobe:
exec:
command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"]
periodseconds: 3
restartpolicy: always
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f readiness-exec.yaml
pod/readiness-exec-pod created
(2)查看,pod启动就绪失败
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
name ready status restarts age
readiness-exec-pod 0/1 runcontainererror 1 12s
4、pod启动前/后钩子
4.1 介绍
- pod在启动前后都可以设置钩子hook;在spec.containers.lifecycle字段下设置;
- poststart:创建容器后立即调用poststart操作;如果失败,根据重启策略终止;
- prestop:在容器终止之前立即调用prestop操作,该容器在处理程序完成后终止
4.2 语法
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.lifecycle
- poststart
- exec:指定了要采取的命令;
- httpget:指定要执行的http请求;
- tcpsocket:指定涉及tcp端口的操作
- prestop (和poststart命令一样)
4.3 演示:使用exec设置pod启动前钩子
(1)编写yaml文件,创建启动容器
启动容器前,先创建准备一个httpd服务的主页面文件/tmp/index.html
[root@master manifests]# vim poststart-pod.yaml
apiversion: v1
kind: pod
metadata:
name: poststart-pod
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: poststart-container
image: busybox:latest
imagepullpolicy: ifnotpresent
lifecycle:
poststart:
exec:
command: ['/bin/sh','-c','echo hello > /tmp/index.html']
command: ['/bin/sh','-c','/bin/httpd -f -h /tmp']
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f poststart-pod.yaml
pod/poststart-pod created
(2)验证,访问服务
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
name ready status restarts age ip node
poststart-pod 1/1 running 0 26s 10.244.2.69 node2
[root@master ~]# curl 10.244.2.69
hello