FreeBSD--如何最有效率的安装软件
From <>
FreeBSD的默认下载工具是fetch
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Fetch ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/Gettext-0.17.tar.gz |
Ports机制
首先，FreeBSD下最有特色的软件安装和升级机制就是ports，既方便又高效。下面我们从ports套件的安装开始讲起，让你细致的了解有关ports的每一个细节
一、ports套件的安装
①我的FreeBSD 8.0-release是最小化安装，所以既没有ports，也没有/usr/ports目录。选择启用ports的话，需要在root下输入"sysinstall"来安装它：
输入sysinstall --> 选择Configure --> Distributions --> ports，然后安装即可。
②ports的默认路径是/usr/ports。这个ports的根目录下面有很多的文件夹及子文件夹，组成一个树状目录，包含大量ports下的软件。比如mail是邮件服务软件，games是游戏，www代表web服务软件，databases则是数据库软件。
[root@bsd01 /usr/ports]# cd www
[root@bsd01 /usr/ports/www]# ls -d apache*
apache-contrib apache13 apache13-modssl+ipv6
apache-forrest apache13+ipv6 apache13-ssl
apache-jserv apache13-modperl apache20
apache-mode.el apache13-modssl apache22
如果你需要安装什么软件，只要进入当前目录，然后“make install clean”即可。
[root@bsd01 ~]# cd /usr/ports/www/apache22
[root@bsd01 /usr/ports/www/apache22] make install clean
/usr/ports/distfiles是存放软件包的文件夹。ports会先检查/usr/ports/distfiles目录内有没有这个软件包，如果没有它就会自动从网上下载安装。
二、加速ports的升级速度
ports从网上下载软件包自动安装，那么从那里下载呢？首先，我们需要安装axel来取代默认的下载工具fetch，这样可以提高ports的安装速度：
cd /usr/ports/ftp/axel
make install
然后，我们需要一个源地址管理。跟ubuntu上的/etc/source.list文件一样，freebsd用的文件是/etc/make.conf，我们可以修改其文件，达到加速下载的目的。
#修改 /et/make.conf
vi /etc/make.conf
#加入以下内容
FETCH_CMD=axel
FETCH_BEFORE_ARGS= -n 10 -a
FETCH_AFTER_ARGS=
DISABLE_SIZE=yes
MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE?=\
ftp://ftp.freebsdchina.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/$%7BDIST_SUBDIR%7D/
MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE?=${MASTER_SITE_BACKUP}
这样处理后，在公司的网络环境下，FreeBSD的下载速度明显提高了，有时居然能达到1M/s,这样升级及安装软件方便极了；呵呵，终于可以摆脱fetch的龟速了。
三、更新ports目录树
既然ports的树目录全部下载到本地，那么即使FreeBSD有新的软件包或者添置了新的软件，本地目录树也不会更新。所以，我们每隔一段时间需要更新本地目录树。我来介绍一种在FreeBSD中方便、快捷的更新ports的方法：使用portsnap来更新ports目录树。
①配置portsnap：
我们使用portsnap，首先要设置一下它的配置文件，位于/etc/portsnap.conf:
[root@bsd01 /usr/ports]# vi /etc/portsnap.conf
把
SERVERNAME=portsnap.freebsd.org
修改成：
SERVERNAME=portsnap.hshh.org
这个是他的更新服务器。另外还有几个国内比较快的portsnap服务器：
portsnap.hshh.org
portsnap2.hshh.org
portsnap3.hshh.org (网通)
portsnap4.hshh.org
②首次使用portsnap：
在你的FreeBSD首次使用portsnap必须执行下面2步：
[root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap fetch
[root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap extract
portsnap fecth是从网上获取portsnap快照的最新压缩包，听闻这个压缩包官方没小时更新一次。
portsnap extract 则是把这个压缩包创立到/usr/ports。哪怕你以前已经手工安装了ports，他也会重新创立一次。
（注：这2步可以合成使用，指令为 [root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap fetch extract）
③以后使用portsnap更新，只需要执行下面2步：
[root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap fetch
[root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap update
同样，这2步可以合成使用：[root@bsd01 ~]# portsnap fetch update
portsnap第一次运行extract命令时，可能需要一段时间，以后更新使用update的时候，速度就快很多了。
From <>
Pkg 用法
Usage: pkg [-v] [-d] [-l] [-N] [-j <jail name or id>|-c <chroot path>|-r <rootdir>] [-C <configuration file>] [-R <repo config dir>] [-o var=value] [-4|-6] <command> [<args>]
Global options supported:
-d Increment debug level
-j Execute pkg(8) inside a jail(8)
-r Execute pkg(8) using relocating installation to <rootdir>
-c Execute pkg(8) inside a chroot(8)
-C Use the specified configuration file
-R Directory to search for individual repository configurations
-l List available commands and exit
-v Display pkg(8) version
-N Test if pkg(8) is activated and avoid auto-activation
-o Override configuration option from the command line
-4 Only use IPv4
-6 Only use IPv6
Commands supported:
add Compatibility interface to install a package
alias List the command line aliases
annotate Add, modify or delete tag-value style annotations on packages
audit Reports vulnerable packages
autoremove Removes orphan packages
backup Backs-up and restores the local package database
check Checks for missing dependencies and database consistency
clean Cleans old packages from the cache
config Display the value of the configuration options
convert Convert database from/to pkgng
create Creates software package distributions
delete Deletes packages from the database and the system
fetch Fetches packages from a remote repository
help Displays help information
info Displays information about installed packages
install Installs packages from remote package repositories and local archives
lock Locks package against modifications or deletion
plugins Manages plugins and displays information about plugins
query Queries information about installed packages
register Registers a package into the local database
remove Deletes packages from the database and the system
repo Creates a package repository catalogue
rquery Queries information in repository catalogues
search Performs a search of package repository catalogues
set Modifies information about packages in the local database
ssh Package server (to be used via ssh)
shell Opens a debug shell
shlib Displays which packages link against a specific shared library
stats Displays package database statistics
unlock Unlocks a package, allowing modification or deletion
update Updates package repository catalogues
updating Displays UPDATING information for a package
upgrade Performs upgrades of packaged software distributions
version Displays the versions of installed packages
which Displays which package installed a specific file
Commands provided by plugins:
For more information on the different commands see 'pkg help <command>'.
pkg install -- install packages from remote package repositories or local
archives
The following options are supported by pkg install:
-A, --automatic
Mark the installed packages as automatic. Will be automati-
cally removed if no other packages depend on them. For more
information please refer to .
-C, --case-sensitive
Make the standard or the regular expression (-x) matching
against pkg-name case sensitive.
-f, --force
Force the reinstallation of the package if already installed.
-g, --glob
Treat the package names as shell glob patterns.
-I, --no-install-scripts
If any installation scripts (pre-install or post-install)
exist for a given package, do not execute them. When a pack-
age is updated, deinstallation scripts (pre-deinstall or post-
deinstall) are not run either.
-i, --case-insensitive
Make the standard or the regular expression (-x) matching
against pkg-name case insensitive. This is the default,
unless modified by setting CASE_SENSITIVE_MATCH to true in
pkg.conf.
-M, --ignore-missing
Force the installation of the package with missing dependen-
cies.
-n, --dry-run
Dry-run mode. The list of changes to packages is always
printed, but no changes are actually made.
-F, --fetch-only
Do not perform actual installation of packages, merely fetch
packages that should be upgraded and detect possible con-
flicts.
-q, --quiet
Force quiet output, except when -n is used, where pkg install
will always show packages to be installed, upgraded or
deleted.
-R, --recursive
When used with -f, reinstalls any packages that require the
given package.
-r reponame, --repository reponame
Install packages from only the named repository, irrespective
of the configured ``active'' status from repo.conf.
-U, --no-repo-update
Suppress the automatic update of the local copy of the reposi-
tory catalogue from remote. Automatic repository catalogue
updates are only attempted when the effective UID of the
process has write access to the package database. Otherwise
they are silently ignored.
-x, --regex
Treat the package names as regular expressions according to
the "modern" or "extended" syntax of .
-y, --yes Assume yes when asked for confirmation before package instal-
lation.
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