php面向对象接口,继承,抽象类,析构,克隆等高级特性实例详解
1. 静态属性
<?php class StaticExample { static public $aNum = 0; // 静态共有属性 static public function sayHello() { // 静态共有方法 print "hello"; } } print StaticExample::$aNum; StaticExample::sayHello(); ?>
输出:0 hello
点评:静态属性和方法,可以通过类直接调用。
2. SELF
<?php class StaticExample { static public $aNum = 0; static public function sayHello() { // 这里的static 和 public的顺序可以颠倒 self::$aNum++; print "hello (".self::$aNum.")\n"; // self 指向当前类, $this指向当前对象。 } } StaticExample::sayHello(); StaticExample::sayHello(); StaticExample::sayHello(); ?>
输出:
hello (1) hello (2) hello (3)
点评:self 指向当前类, this指向当前对象。self可以调用当前类的静态属性和方法。this指向当前对象。self可以调用当前类的静态属性和方法。this可以调用当前类的正常属性和方法。
3. 常量属性
<?php class ShopProduct { const AVAILABLE = 0; // 只能用大写字母命名常量 const OUT_OF_STOCK = 1; public $status; } print ShopProduct::AVAILABLE; ?>
输出:0
点评:常量只能用大写字母,并且可以通过类直接调用。
4. 接口
<?php interface Chargeable { // 接口,抽象类是介于基类与接口之间的东西 public function getPrice(); } class ShopProduct implements Chargeable { // ... protected $price; // ... public function getPrice() { return $this->price; } // ... } $product = new ShopProduct(); ?>
如果没有实现getPrice方法,将会报错。
Fatal error: Class ShopProduct contains 1 abstract method and must therefore be declared abstract or implement the remaining methods (Chargeable::getPrice)
5. 继承类与接口
<?php class TimedService{ } interface Bookable{ } interface Chargeable{ } class Consultancy extends TimedService implements Bookable, Chargeable { // 继承类与接口 // ... } ?>
6. 抽象类
先来看一段代码
<?php abstract class DomainObject { } class User extends DomainObject { public static function create() { return new User(); } } class Document extends DomainObject { public static function create() { return new Document(); } } $document = Document::create(); print_r( $document ); ?>
输出:
Document Object ( )
7. 静态方法
<?php abstract class DomainObject { private $group; // 私有属性group public function construct() { $this->group = static::getGroup();//static 静态类 } public static function create() { return new static(); } static function getGroup() { // 静态方法 return "default"; } } class User extends DomainObject { } class Document extends DomainObject { static function getGroup() { // 改变了内容 return "document"; } } class SpreadSheet extends Document { // 继承之后,group也就与document相同了 } print_r(User::create()); print_r(SpreadSheet::create()); ?>
输出:
User Object ( [group:DomainObject:private] => default ) SpreadSheet Object ( [group:DomainObject:private] => document )
7. final字段
使类无法被继承,用的不多
<?php final class Checkout { // 终止类的继承 // ... } class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout { // ... } $checkout = new Checkout(); ?>
输出:
Fatal error: Class IllegalCheckout may not inherit from final class (Checkout)
final方法不能够被重写
<?php class Checkout { final function totalize() { // calculate bill } } class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout { function totalize() { // 不能重写final方法 // change bill calculation } } $checkout = new Checkout(); ?>
输出:
Fatal error: Cannot override final method Checkout::totalize()
8. 析构函数
<?php class Person { protected $name; private $age; private $id; function construct( $name, $age ) { $this->name = $name; $this->age = $age; } function setId( $id ) { $this->id = $id; } function destruct() { // 析构函数 if ( ! empty( $this->id ) ) { // save Person data print "saving person\n"; } if ( empty( $this->id ) ) { // save Person data print "do nothing\n"; } } } $person = new Person( "bob", 44 ); $person->setId( 343 ); $person->setId( '' ); // 最后执行析构函数,使用完之后执行 ?>
输出:
do nothing
9. clone方法
克隆的时候执行
<?php class Person { private $name; private $age; private $id; function construct( $name, $age ) { $this->name = $name; $this->age = $age; } function setId( $id ) { $this->id = $id; } function clone() { // 克隆时候执行 $this->id = 0; } } $person = new Person( "bob", 44 ); $person->setId( 343 ); $person2 = clone $person; print_r( $person ); print_r( $person2 ); ?>
输出:
Person Object ( [name:Person:private] => bob [age:Person:private] => 44 [id:Person:private] => 343 ) Person Object ( [name:Person:private] => bob [age:Person:private] => 44 [id:Person:private] => 0 )
再看一个例子
<?php class Account { // 账户类 public $balance; // 余额 function construct( $balance ) { $this->balance = $balance; } } class Person { private $name; private $age; private $id; public $account; function construct( $name, $age, Account $account ) { $this->name = $name; $this->age = $age; $this->account = $account; } function setId( $id ) { $this->id = $id; } function clone() { $this->id = 0; } } $person = new Person( "bob", 44, new Account( 200 ) ); // 以类对象作为参数 $person->setId( 343 ); $person2 = clone $person; // give $person some money $person->account->balance += 10; // $person2 sees the credit too print $person2->account->balance; // person的属性account也是一个类,他的属性balance的值是210 // output: // 210 ?>
点评:学习还是能够开拓大脑的,今天终于明白为什么有多个箭头的概念了$person->account->balance。这里的account属性是一个对象。
10. toString
<?php class Person { function getName() { return "Bob"; } function getAge() { return 44; } function toString() { $desc = $this->getName()." (age "; $desc .= $this->getAge().")"; return $desc; } } $person = new Person(); print $person; // 打印时候集中处理 // Bob (age 44) ?>
点评:必须是print或echo时才有效,print_r就输出对象。
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