Django + Uwsgi + Nginx 实现生产环境部署的方法

如何在生产上部署django?

django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。

uwsgi介绍

uwsgi是一个web服务器，它实现了wsgi协议、uwsgi、http等协议。nginx中httpuwsgimodule的作用是与uwsgi服务器进行交换。

要注意 wsgi / uwsgi / uwsgi 这三个概念的区分。
1.wsgi是一种web服务器网关接口。它是一个web服务器（如nginx，uwsgi等服务器）与web应用（如用flask框架写的程序）通信的一种规范。
2.uwsgi是一种线路协议而不是通信协议，在此常用于在uwsgi服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。
3.而uwsgi是实现了uwsgi和wsgi两种协议的web服务器。
4.uwsgi协议是一个uwsgi服务器自有的协议，它用于定义传输信息的类型（type of information），每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述，它与wsgi相比是两样东西。

uwsgi性能非常高

uwsgi的主要特点如下
1.超快的性能
2.低内存占用（实测为apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
3.多app管理（终于不用冥思苦想下个app用哪个端口比较好了-.-）
4.详尽的日志功能（可以用来分析app性能和瓶颈）
5.高度可定制（内存大小限制，服务一定次数后重启等）

总而言之uwgi是个部署用的好东东，正如uwsgi作者所吹嘘的：

if you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server, uwsgi is not for you, but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid, fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average, you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uwsgi.

uwsgi 安装使用

# install the latest stable release:

pip install uwsgi

# ... or if you want to install the latest lts (long term support) release,

pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz 

基本测试

create a file called test.py:

# test.py

def application(env, start_response):

  start_response('200 ok', [('content-type','text/html')])

  return [b"hello world"] # python3

  #return ["hello world"] # python2 

运行

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py 

用uwsgi 启动django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi 

可以把参数写到配置文件里

alex@alex-ubuntu:~/uwsgi-test$ more crazye-uwsgi.ini 

[uwsgi]

http = :9000

#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to nginx

socket = 127.0.0.1:8001

# the base directory (full path)

chdir = /home/alex/crazyeye 

# django's wsgi file

wsgi-file = crazyeye/wsgi.py

# maximum number of worker processes

processes = 4

#thread numbers startched in each worker process

threads = 2

#monitor uwsgi status 

stats = 127.0.0.1:9191

# clear environment on exit

vacuum     = true 

启动

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi crazye-uwsgi.ini 

nginx安装使用

sudo apt-get install nginx

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start  # start nginx 

为你的项目生成nginx配置文件

you will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uwsgi distribution, or from

copy it into your project directory. in a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:

# mysite_nginx.conf
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
  # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
  server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

}
# configuration of the server

server {

  # the port your site will be served on

  listen   8000;

  # the domain name it will serve for

  server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's ip address or fqdn

  charset   utf-8; 

  # max upload size
  client_max_body_size 75m;  # adjust to taste

  # django media
  location /media {

    alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your django project's media files - amend as required

  } 

  location /static {

    alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your django project's static files - amend as required

  }

  # finally, send all non-media requests to the django server.

  location / {
    uwsgi_pass django;
    include   /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed

  }
} 

this conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem, as well as handle requests that require django's intervention. for a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files, and another handle django applications, but for now, this will do just fine.

symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ 

deploying static files

before running nginx, you have to collect all django static files in the static folder. first of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

static_root = os.path.join(base_dir, "static/") 

and then run

python manage.py collectstatic 

此时启动nginx 和uwsgi，你的django项目就可以实现高并发啦！

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。