Java中ShardingSphere 数据分片的实现
前言
其实很多人对分库分表多少都有点恐惧,其实我也是,总觉得这玩意是运维干的、数据量上来了或者sql过于复杂、一些数据分片的中间件支持的也不是很友好、配置繁琐等多种问题。
我们今天用shardingsphere 给大家演示数据分片,包括分库分表、只分表不分库进行说明。
下一节有时间的话在讲讲读写分离吧。
github地址:https://github.com/362460453/boot-sharding-jdbc
shardingsphere介绍
shardingsphere是一套开源的分布式数据库中间件解决方案组成的生态圈,它由sharding-jdbc、sharding-proxy和sharding-sidecar(计划中)这3款相互独立的产品组成。 他们均提供标准化的数据分片、分布式事务和数据库治理功能,可适用于如java同构、异构语言、容器、云原生等各种多样化的应用场景。
shardingsphere的功能能帮助我们做什么
- 数据分片
- 读写分离
- 编排治理
- 分布式事务
2016年初sharding-jdbc被开源,这个产品是当当的,加入了apache 后改名为 shardingsphere 。他是我们应用和数据库之间的中间层,虽代码入侵性很强,但不会对现有业务逻辑进行改变。
更多文档请点击官网:
为什么不用mycat
大家如果去查相关资料会知道,mycat和shardingsphere是同类型的中间件,主要的功能,数据分片和读写分离两个都能去做,但是姿势却有很大的差别, 从字面意义上看sharding 含义是分片、碎片的意思,所以不难理解shardingsphere 对数据分片有很强对能力,对于99%对sql都是支持的,官网也有sql支持的相关内容,大家详细阅读,只有 类似sum 这种函数不支持,而且对 orm框架和常用数据库基本都兼容,所以个人建议如果你们做数据分片,也就是是分库分表对话,强烈建议选择shardingsphere,因为我私下也和一些朋友交流过,mycat 的数据分片对多表查询不是很友好,而且用 mycat 要有很强的运维来做,还有一点就是mycat 都是靠xml配置的,没有代码入侵,所以这也算是他的优点吧。如果你们只做读写分离对话,那么我建议用mycat,是没问题的。
实践前的准备工作
启动你的mysql,创建两个数据库,分别叫 sharding_master 和 sharding_salve分别在这两个数据库执行如下sql
create table if not exists `t_order_0` ( `order_id` int not null, `user_id` int not null, primary key (`order_id`) ); create table if not exists `t_order_1` ( `order_id` int not null, `user_id` int not null, primary key (`order_id`) );
做完以上两步结果如下
代码案例
环境
工具 | 版本 |
jdk |
1.8.0_144 |
springboot | 2.0.4.release |
sharding | 1.3.1 |
mysql | 5.7 |
创建一个springboot工程,我们使用 jdbctemplate 框架,如果用mybatis也是无影响的。
pom引用依赖如下
<parent> <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid> <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactid> <version>2.0.4.release</version> </parent> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <druid.version>1.0.26</druid.version> <sharding.jdbc.core.version>1.3.3</sharding.jdbc.core.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid> <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactid> </dependency> <dependency> <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid> <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactid> </dependency> <dependency> <groupid>mysql</groupid> <artifactid>mysql-connector-java</artifactid> </dependency> <dependency> <groupid>com.dangdang</groupid> <artifactid>sharding-jdbc-core</artifactid> <version>${sharding.jdbc.core.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupid>com.alibaba</groupid> <artifactid>druid</artifactid> <version>${druid.version}</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
application.yml 配置如下
server: port: 8050 sharding: jdbc: driverclassname: com.mysql.jdbc.driver url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sharding_master?useunicode=true&characterencoding=utf-8&autoreconnect=true&failoverreadonly=false username: root password: 123456 filters: stat maxactive: 100 initialsize: 1 maxwait: 15000 minidle: 1 timebetweenevictionrunsmillis: 30000 minevictableidletimemillis: 180000 validationquery: select 'x' testwhileidle: true testonborrow: false testonreturn: false poolpreparedstatements: false maxpoolpreparedstatementperconnectionsize: 20 removeabandoned: true removeabandonedtimeout: 600 logabandoned: false connectioninitsqls: url0: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sharding_master?useunicode=true&characterencoding=utf-8&autoreconnect=true&failoverreadonly=false username0: root password0: 123456 url1: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sharding_salve?useunicode=true&characterencoding=utf-8&autoreconnect=true&failoverreadonly=false username1: root password1: 123456
yml映射成bean
@data @configurationproperties(prefix="sharding.jdbc") public class sharddatasourceproperties { private string driverclassname; private string url; private string username; private string password; private string url0; private string username0; private string password0; private string url1; private string username1; private string password1; private string filters; private int maxactive; private int initialsize; private int maxwait; private int minidle; private int timebetweenevictionrunsmillis; private int minevictableidletimemillis; private string validationquery; private boolean testwhileidle; private boolean testonborrow; private boolean testonreturn; private boolean poolpreparedstatements; private int maxpoolpreparedstatementperconnectionsize; private boolean removeabandoned; private int removeabandonedtimeout; private boolean logabandoned; private list<string> connectioninitsqls; //省略geter setter
分库策略
//通过实现singlekeydatabaseshardingalgorithm接口实现分库 public class modulodatabaseshardingalgorithm implements singlekeydatabaseshardingalgorithm<integer> { @override public string doequalsharding(collection<string> availabletargetnames, shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { for (string each : availabletargetnames) { if (each.endswith(shardingvalue.getvalue() % 2 + "")) { return each; } } throw new illegalargumentexception(); } @override public collection<string> doinsharding(collection<string> availabletargetnames, shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { collection<string> result = new linkedhashset<>(availabletargetnames.size()); for (integer value : shardingvalue.getvalues()) { for (string targetname : availabletargetnames) { if (targetname.endswith(value % 2 + "")) { result.add(targetname); } } } return result; } @override public collection<string> dobetweensharding(collection<string> availabletargetnames, shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { collection<string> result = new linkedhashset<>(availabletargetnames.size()); range<integer> range = (range<integer>) shardingvalue.getvaluerange(); for (integer i = range.lowerendpoint(); i <= range.upperendpoint(); i++) { for (string each : availabletargetnames) { if (each.endswith(i % 2 + "")) { result.add(each); } } } return result; } }
分表策略
public class modulotableshardingalgorithm implements singlekeytableshardingalgorithm<integer> { /** * 对于分片字段的等值操作 都走这个方法。(包括 插入 更新) * 如: * <p> * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id = 11 * └── select * from t_order_1 where order_id = 11 * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id = 44 * └── select * from t_order_0 where order_id = 44 * </p> */ @override public string doequalsharding(final collection<string> tablenames, final shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { for (string each : tablenames) { if (each.endswith(shardingvalue.getvalue() % 2 + "")) { return each; } } throw new illegalargumentexception(); } /** * 对于分片字段的in操作,都走这个方法。 * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id in (11,44) * ├── select * from t_order_0 where order_id in (11,44) * └── select * from t_order_1 where order_id in (11,44) * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id in (11,13,15) * └── select * from t_order_1 where order_id in (11,13,15) * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id in (22,24,26) * └──select * from t_order_0 where order_id in (22,24,26) */ @override public collection<string> doinsharding(final collection<string> tablenames, final shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { collection<string> result = new linkedhashset<>(tablenames.size()); for (integer value : shardingvalue.getvalues()) { for (string tablename : tablenames) { if (tablename.endswith(value % 2 + "")) { result.add(tablename); } } } return result; } /** * 对于分片字段的between操作都走这个方法。 * select * from t_order from t_order where order_id between 10 and 20 * ├── select * from t_order_0 where order_id between 10 and 20 * └── select * from t_order_1 where order_id between 10 and 20 */ @override public collection<string> dobetweensharding(final collection<string> tablenames, final shardingvalue<integer> shardingvalue) { collection<string> result = new linkedhashset<>(tablenames.size()); range<integer> range = (range<integer>) shardingvalue.getvaluerange(); for (integer i = range.lowerendpoint(); i <= range.upperendpoint(); i++) { for (string each : tablenames) { if (each.endswith(i % 2 + "")) { result.add(each); } } } return result; } }
对特定表和库,进行特定的分库分表规则
简单说,就是分库按照了user_id的奇偶区分,分表按照order_id 的奇偶区分,
如果你有多个表进行分片,就写多个tablerule,
配置两个数据源,分别是我在yml里的配置,根据你的需求个性化配置就可以。
@configuration @enableconfigurationproperties(sharddatasourceproperties.class) public class sharddatasourceconfig { @autowired private sharddatasourceproperties sharddatasourceproperties; private druiddatasource parentds() throws sqlexception { druiddatasource ds = new druiddatasource(); ds.setdriverclassname(sharddatasourceproperties.getdriverclassname()); ds.setusername(sharddatasourceproperties.getusername()); ds.seturl(sharddatasourceproperties.geturl()); ds.setpassword(sharddatasourceproperties.getpassword()); ds.setfilters(sharddatasourceproperties.getfilters()); ds.setmaxactive(sharddatasourceproperties.getmaxactive()); ds.setinitialsize(sharddatasourceproperties.getinitialsize()); ds.setmaxwait(sharddatasourceproperties.getmaxwait()); ds.setminidle(sharddatasourceproperties.getminidle()); ds.settimebetweenevictionrunsmillis(sharddatasourceproperties.gettimebetweenevictionrunsmillis()); ds.setminevictableidletimemillis(sharddatasourceproperties.getminevictableidletimemillis()); ds.setvalidationquery(sharddatasourceproperties.getvalidationquery()); ds.settestwhileidle(sharddatasourceproperties.istestwhileidle()); ds.settestonborrow(sharddatasourceproperties.istestonborrow()); ds.settestonreturn(sharddatasourceproperties.istestonreturn()); ds.setpoolpreparedstatements(sharddatasourceproperties.ispoolpreparedstatements()); ds.setmaxpoolpreparedstatementperconnectionsize( sharddatasourceproperties.getmaxpoolpreparedstatementperconnectionsize()); ds.setremoveabandoned(sharddatasourceproperties.isremoveabandoned()); ds.setremoveabandonedtimeout(sharddatasourceproperties.getremoveabandonedtimeout()); ds.setlogabandoned(sharddatasourceproperties.islogabandoned()); ds.setconnectioninitsqls(sharddatasourceproperties.getconnectioninitsqls()); return ds; } private datasource ds0() throws sqlexception { druiddatasource ds = parentds(); ds.setusername(sharddatasourceproperties.getusername0()); ds.seturl(sharddatasourceproperties.geturl0()); ds.setpassword(sharddatasourceproperties.getpassword0()); return ds; } private datasource ds1() throws sqlexception { druiddatasource ds = parentds(); ds.setusername(sharddatasourceproperties.getusername1()); ds.seturl(sharddatasourceproperties.geturl1()); ds.setpassword(sharddatasourceproperties.getpassword1()); return ds; } private datasourcerule datasourcerule() throws sqlexception { map<string, datasource> datasourcemap = new hashmap<>(2); datasourcemap.put("ds_0", ds0()); datasourcemap.put("ds_1", ds1()); datasourcerule datasourcerule = new datasourcerule(datasourcemap); return datasourcerule; } //对order对策略 private tablerule ordertablerule() throws sqlexception { tablerule ordertablerule = tablerule.builder("t_order").actualtables(arrays.aslist("t_order_0", "t_order_1")) .datasourcerule(datasourcerule()).build(); return ordertablerule; } //分库分表策略 private shardingrule shardingrule() throws sqlexception { shardingrule shardingrule = shardingrule.builder().datasourcerule(datasourcerule()) .tablerules(arrays.aslist(ordertablerule(), orderitemtablerule())) .databaseshardingstrategy( new databaseshardingstrategy("user_id", new modulodatabaseshardingalgorithm())) .tableshardingstrategy(new tableshardingstrategy("order_id", new modulotableshardingalgorithm())) .build(); return shardingrule; } @bean public datasource datasource() throws sqlexception { return shardingdatasourcefactory.createdatasource(shardingrule()); } @bean public platformtransactionmanager transactionmanager() throws sqlexception { return new datasourcetransactionmanager(datasource()); } }
我们需要从controller调用接口进行对数据的增加和查询
下面所有的类都是用来模拟请求进行测试
@restcontroller @requestmapping("/order") public class ordercontroller { @autowired private orderdao orderdao; @requestmapping(path = "/createorder/{userid}/{orderid}", method = {requestmethod.get}) public string createorder(@pathvariable("userid") integer userid, @pathvariable("orderid") integer orderid) { order order = new order(); order.setorderid(orderid); order.setuserid(userid); orderdao.createorder(order); return "success"; } @requestmapping(path = "/{userid}", method = {requestmethod.get}) public list<order> getorderlistbyuserid(@pathvariable("userid") integer userid) { return orderdao.getorderlistbyuserid(userid); } } --------------------------------------------------- public interface orderdao { list<order> getorderlistbyuserid(integer userid); void createorder(order order); } --------------------------------------------------- @service public class orderdaoimpl implements orderdao { @autowired jdbctemplate jdbctemplate; @override public list<order> getorderlistbyuserid(integer userid) { stringbuilder sqlbuilder = new stringbuilder(); sqlbuilder .append("select order_id, user_id from t_order where user_id=? "); return jdbctemplate.query(sqlbuilder.tostring(), new object[]{userid}, new int[]{types.integer}, new beanpropertyrowmapper<order>( order.class)); } @override public void createorder(order order) { stringbuffer sb = new stringbuffer(); sb.append("insert into t_order(user_id, order_id)"); sb.append("values("); sb.append(order.getuserid()).append(","); sb.append(order.getorderid()); sb.append(")"); jdbctemplate.update(sb.tostring()); } } --------------------------------------------------- public class order implements serializable { private int userid; private int orderid; --------------------------------------------------- @springbootapplication public class application { public static void main(string[] args) { springapplication.run(application.class, args); } }
测试
启动项目,访问:http://localhost:8050/order/createorder/1/1
更换参数多次访问,可以插入多条记录,观察你的数据库入库情况,已经按照我们制定的分库分表策略进行划分了。
需要注意的是
shareding是不支持jdbctemplate的批量修改操作的。
表名前不要加上库名,原生的情况加库名,不加库名其实是一样的,但使用shareding的表就会报错。
如果想进行只分表不分库的话
- 注释掉 modulodatabaseshardingalgorithm 类
- 还有sharddatasourceconfig.shardingrule() 中的分库策略那行代码
- 还有相关数据源配置改成 1 个
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