Django rest framework如何自定义用户表

说明

django 默认的用户表 auth_user 包含 id, password, last_login, is_superuser, username, last_name, email, is_staff, is_active, date_joined, first_name 字段。这些基本字段不够用时，在此基本表上拓展字段是很好选择。本文介绍在 drf(django rest framework) 上使用自定义用户表进行接口访问控制的功能设计。

1. django项目和应用创建

先装必要的模块

pip install django
pip install djangorestframework

创建项目文件夹、项目和应用

e:\sweetyaya> mkdir myproj01
e:\sweetyaya> cd myproj01
e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> django-admin startproject myproj01 .
e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> django-admin startapp myapp

同步数据库

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> python manage.py migrate
operations to perform:
  apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
running migrations:
  applying contenttypes.0001_initial... ok
  applying auth.0001_initial... ok
  applying admin.0001_initial... ok
  applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... ok
  ...
  applying sessions.0001_initial... ok

执行如下命令后测试访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01>python manage.py runserver
watching for file changes with statreloader
performing system checks...

system check identified no issues (0 silenced).
june 07, 2021 - 21:16:57
django version 3.2.4, using settings 'myproj01.settings'
starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
quit the server with ctrl-break.

2. 自定义user表

打开 myapp/models.py 文件，创建继承自 abstractuser 的 userprofile 类，给它添加 name 和 mobile 字段，它就是我们自定义的用户表。

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import abstractuser


class userprofile(abstractuser):
    name = models.charfield(max_length=30, null=true, blank=true, verbose_name="姓名")
    mobile = models.charfield(max_length=11, verbose_name="电话")

    class meta:
        verbose_name = "用户"
        verbose_name_plural = "用户"

        def __str__(self):
            return self.name

3. 序列化和路由

我们直接在 myproj01/url.py 中进行定义序列化方法和路由配置

from django.urls import path, include
from myapp.models import userprofile
from rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets


# serializers define the api representation.
class userserializer(serializers.hyperlinkedmodelserializer):
    class meta:
        model = userprofile
        fields = ['url', 'username', 'name', 'mobile', 'email', 'is_staff']


# viewsets define the view behavior.
class userviewset(viewsets.modelviewset):
    queryset = userprofile.objects.all()
    serializer_class = userserializer


# routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the url conf.
router = routers.defaultrouter()
router.register('users', userviewset)

# wire up our api using automatic url routing.
# additionally, we include login urls for the browsable api.
urlpatterns = [
    path('', include(router.urls)),
    path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
]

3. drf配置

找到 myproj01/settings.py ，做如下配置

加入上面创建的应用和 rest_framework

installed_apps = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
	...
    'rest_framework',
    'myapp',
]

添加全局认证设置

rest_framework = {
    'default_permission_classes': [
        'rest_framework.permissions.isauthenticated'
    ]
}

修改默认用户表，至此 settings.py 全部配置完成了。

auth_user_model = 'myapp.userprofile'

4. 同步数据库

执行 makemigrations 命令

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> python manage.py makemigrations
migrations for 'myapp':
  myapp\migrations\0001_initial.py
    - create model userprofile

执行 migrate 命令出现如下错误

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> python manage.py migrate
traceback (most recent call last):
  file "manage.py", line 22, in <module>
    main()
  file "manage.py", line 18, in main
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\__init__.py", line 419, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\__init__.py", line 413, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\base.py", line 354, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\base.py", line 398, in execute
    output = self.handle(*args, **options)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\base.py", line 89, in wrapped
    res = handle_func(*args, **kwargs)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\commands\migrate.py", line 95, in handle
    executor.loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
  file "d:\program files\python36\lib\site-packages\django\db\migrations\loader.py", line 310, in check_consistent_history
    connection.alias,
django.db.migrations.exceptions.inconsistentmigrationhistory: migration admin.0001_initial is applied before its dependency myapp.0001_initial on database 'default'.

解决办法

先 makemigrations打开 settings.py ，注释掉 install_apps 中的
'django.contrib.admin',打开 urls.py ，注释掉 urlpatterns 中的 admin，再 migrate 就不报错了。最后注意把注释内容恢复回来就好了。

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> python manage.py migrate
operations to perform:
  apply all migrations: myapp, admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
running migrations:
  applying contenttypes.0001_initial... ok
  applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... ok
  ...
  applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... ok
  applying sessions.0001_initial... ok

5. 测试

执行命令

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01>python manage.py runserver

访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/ 出现结果如下，此时表明配置成功，但是尚未进行用户登录无权访问。

6. 命令行注册用户

进入 python shell

e:\sweetyaya\myproj01> python manage.py shell
python 3.6.6 (v3.6.6:4cf1f54eb7, jun 27 2018, 03:37:03) [msc v.1900 64 bit (amd64)]
type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
ipython 6.5.0 -- an enhanced interactive python. type '?' for help.

键入如下代码

in [1]: from myapp.models import userprofile

in [2]: from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password

in [3]: ist = userprofile(username='guest01',password=make_password('123456'))

in [4]: ist.save()

in [5]: ist = userprofile(username='guest02',password=make_password('123456'))

in [6]: ist.save()

然后在数据库中查看 myapp_userprofile 表发现多了两条记录，添加成功，继续访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/ 地址，使用用户密码登录可见如下。测试完成。

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