欢迎您访问程序员文章站本站旨在为大家提供分享程序员计算机编程知识!
您现在的位置是: 首页

DBA常用SQL查询

程序员文章站 2022-04-04 17:18:03
...
(来源:http://www.blogjava.net/pure/archive/2010/08/16/328974.html)
1. 查看表空间的名称及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size

from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d

where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name

group by t.tablespace_name;



2. 查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小


select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,

round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space

from dba_data_files

order by tablespace_name;



3. 查看回滚段名称及大小


select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,

(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,

max_extents, v.curext CurExtent

From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v

Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)

order by segment_name;



4. 查看控制文件


select name from v$controlfile;



5. 查看日志文件


select member from v$logfile;



6. 查看表空间的使用情况


select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;



SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,

(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"

FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C

WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;



7. 查看数据库对象


select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;



8. 查看数据库的版本 


Select version FROM Product_component_version

Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';



9. 查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式


Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;



10. 捕捉运行很久的SQL


column username format a12

column opname format a16

column progress format a8



select username,sid,opname,

     round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,

     time_remaining,sql_text

from v$session_longops , v$sql

where time_remaining <> 0

and sql_address = address

and sql_hash_value = hash_value

/

11. 查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT  partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,

       pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,

       next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,

       freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,

       empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,

       last_analyzed

  FROM dba_tab_partitions

--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner

ORDER BY partition_position



12. 查看还没提交的事务
select * from v$locked_object;

select * from v$transaction;



13. 查看object为哪些进程所用
select

p.spid,

s.sid,

s.serial# serial_num,

s.username user_name,

a.type object_type,

s.osuser os_user_name,

a.owner,

a.object object_name,

decode(sign(48 - command),

1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,

p.program oracle_process,

s.terminal terminal,

s.program program,

s.status session_status 

from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p 

where s.paddr = p.addr and

    s.type = 'USER' and  

    a.sid = s.sid  and

a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'

order by s.username, s.osuser



14. 回滚段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents

Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,

v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,

sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,

v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and

v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum



15. 耗资源的进程(top session)
select s.schemaname schema_name,   decode(sign(48 - command), 1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,   status

session_status,  s.osuser os_user_name,  s.sid,        p.spid ,        s.serial# serial_num, 

nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,  s.terminal terminal,  

s.program program,  st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st,  v$session s , v$process p 

where st.sid = s.sid and  st.statistic# = to_number('38') and  ('ALL' = 'ALL'

or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc



16. 查看锁(lock)情况
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,  ls.username user_name, 

decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',

'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type, 

o.object_name object,  decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,

'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)

lock_mode,   o.owner,  ls.sid,  ls.serial# serial_num,  ls.id1,  ls.id2  

from sys.dba_objects o, (  select s.osuser,   s.username,   l.type,   

l.lmode,   s.sid,   s.serial#,   l.id1,   l.id2  from v$session s,   

v$lock l  where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and   o.owner

<> 'SYS'  order by o.owner, o.object_name



17. 查看等待(wait)情况
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value

FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',

'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count



18. 查看sga情况
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

19. 查看catched object
SELECT owner,             name,             db_link,             namespace,

          type,             sharable_mem,             loads,             executions, 

         locks,             pins,             kept       FROM v$db_object_cache

        

20. 查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,

VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,

USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,

BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA

21. 查看object分类数量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,

'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from

sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3

, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select

'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from



22. 按用户查看object种类
select u.name schema,  sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes, 

sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,  sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))

clusters,  sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,  sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,

NULL)) synonyms,  sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences, 

sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))

others  from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u  where o.type# >= 1 and   u.user# =

o.owner# and  u.name <> 'PUBLIC'  group by u.name   order by

sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$



23. 有关connection的相关信息
1)查看有哪些用户连接

select s.osuser os_user_name,   decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),

'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    p.program oracle_process,   

status session_status,   s.terminal terminal,   s.program program,  

s.username user_name,   s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,   '' query,  

0 memory,   0 max_memory,    0 cpu_usage,   s.sid,  s.serial# serial_num  

from v$session s,   v$process p  where s.paddr=p.addr and   s.type = 'USER'

order by s.username, s.osuser

2)根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况

select n.name,

v.value,

n.class,

n.statistic#

from v$statname n,

v$sesstat v

where v.sid = 71 and

v.statistic# = n.statistic#

order by n.class, n.statistic#

3)根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql

select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */

command_type,

sql_text,

sharable_mem,

persistent_mem,

runtime_mem,

sorts,

version_count,

loaded_versions,

open_versions,

users_opening,

executions,

users_executing,

loads,

first_load_time,

invalidations,

parse_calls,

disk_reads,

buffer_gets,

rows_processed,

sysdate start_time,

sysdate finish_time,

'>' || address sql_address,

'N' status

from v$sqlarea

where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)



24. 查询表空间使用情况
select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称",

100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",

round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",

round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)",

round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",

Largest "最大扩展段(M)",

to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采样时间"

from (select f.tablespace_name,

  sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,

  sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes

from dba_data_files f

group by tablespace_name) a,

(select f.tablespace_name,

   sum(f.bytes) bytes_free

from dba_free_space f

group by tablespace_name) b,

(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,

  ts.name tablespace_name

from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts

where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#

group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c

where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name



25. 查询表空间的碎片程度


select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name

having count(tablespace_name)>10;



alter tablespace name coalesce;

alter table name deallocate unused;



create or replace view ts_blocks_v as

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space

union all

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;



select * from ts_blocks_v;



select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;



26. 查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;


27. 监控共享游标的使用
select sql_text,version_count,loads,invalidations,parse_calls,sorts from v$sqlarea

where parsing_user_id>0

and command_type=3

order by sql_text;



===========================================================

#########创建数据库----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############



create database db01

maxlogfiles 10

maxdatafiles 1024

maxinstances 2

logfile

GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,

undo tablespace UNDO

datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M

default temporary tablespace TEMP

tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M

extent management local uniform. size 128k

character set AL32UTE8

national character set AL16UTF16

set time_zone='America/New_York';



###############数据字典##########



set wrap off



select * from v$dba_users;



grant select on table_name to user/rule;



select * from user_tables;



select * from all_tables;



select * from dba_tables;



revoke dba from user_name;



shutdown immediate



startup nomount



select * from v$instance;



select * from v$sga;



select * from v$tablespace;



alter session set nls_language=american;



alter database mount;



select * from v$database;



alter database open;



desc dictionary



select * from dict;



desc v$fixed_table;



select * from v$fixed_table;



set oracle_sid=foxconn



select * from dba_objects;



set serveroutput on



execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');



#############控制文件###########



select * from v$database;



select * from v$tablespace;



select * from v$logfile;



select * from v$log;



select * from v$backup;



/*备份用户表空间*/

alter tablespace users begin backup;



select * from v$archived_log;



select * from v$controlfile;



alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',

'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;



cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl



startup pfile='../initSID.ora'



select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;



show parameter control;



select * from v$controlfile_record_section;



select * from v$tempfile;



/*备份控制文件*/

alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';



/*备份控制文件,并将二进制控制文件变为了asc的文本文件*/

alter database backup controlfile to trace;



############### redo log ##############



archive log list;



alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档



alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch



alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint



alter tablspace users begin backup;



alter tablespace offline;



/*checkpoint同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高,系统恢复所需时间越短*/

show parameter fast;



show parameter log_checkpoint;



/*加入一个日志组*/

alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);



/*加入日志组的一个成员*/

alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;



/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删;活动的日志组不能删;非归档的日志组不能删*/

alter database drop logfile group 3;



/*删除日志组中的某个成员,但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/

alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';



/*清除在线日志*/

alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';



alter database clear logfile group 3;



/*清除非归档日志*/

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;



/*重命名日志文件*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';



show parameter db_create;



alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';



select * from v$log;



select * from v$logfile;



/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/

alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;



achive log start;---启动自动归档



alter system archive all;--手工归档所有日志文件



select * from v$archived_log;



show parameter log_archive;



######分析日志文件logmnr ##############



1)在init.ora中set utl_file_dir参数

2)重新启动oracle

3) create目录文件

desc dbms_logmnr_d;

dbms_logmnr_d.build;

4)加入日志文件add/remove log file

dhms_logmnr.add_logfile

dbms_logmnr.removefile

5) start logmnr

dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr

6)分析出来的内容查询v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo



实践:



desc dbms_logmnr_d;



/*对数据表做一些操作,为恢复操作做准备*/

update表set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;



delete表where stor_id=7066;

/***********************************/

utl_file_dir的路径

execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');



execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);



execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');



######### tablespace ##############



select * form. v$tablespace;



select * from v$datafile;



/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/

select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;



alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;



select * from dba_rollback_segs;



/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/

alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;



create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];



exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;

/*9i以后,oracle建议使用local管理,而不使用dictionary管理,因为local采用bitmap管理表空间,不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;

/*在创建表空间时,设置表空间内的段空间管理模式,这里用的是自动管理*/

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management auto;



alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;



alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);



/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */

create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;



show parameter undo;



/*temporary tablespace*/

create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;



/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;



/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;



alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;



/*重命名用户表空间*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';



/*重命名系统表空间,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';



drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce



/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;



/*resize datafile*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;



/*给表空间扩展空间*/

alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;



/*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/

alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';



create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;



drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;



select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;



/*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/

alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;



###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########



/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/

alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');



alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区



show parameter db;



alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数



select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;



select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;



/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/

select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';



############ UNDO Data ################



show parameter undo;



alter tablespace users offline normal;



alter tablespace users offline immediate;



recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';



alter tablespace users online ;



select * from dba_rollback_segs;



alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;



/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/

alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;



/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/

create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;



desc dbms_flashback;



/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/

execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');



execute dbms_flashback.disable;



/*回滚段的统计信息*/

select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;



/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)

UR :UNDO_RETENTION保留的时间(秒)

UPS :每秒的回滚数据块

DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/



select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;



show parameter transactions;



show parameter rollback;



/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/

create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;



alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式



/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定undo_management=manual、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、

transactions=100、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10

然后shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */



########## Managing Tables ###########



/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes

rowid是18位的64进制字符串(10个bytes 80 bits)

rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位

rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位

block#(块号)--22bits,6位

row#(行号)--16bits,3位

64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+共64个符号



dbms_rowid包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/



select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;



create table test2

(

id int,

lname varchar2(20) not null,

fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),

empdate date default sysdate)

) tablespace tablespace_name;





create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;



create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;



alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage



/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/

alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');



/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/

alter table table_name deallocate unused;



alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;



/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后,原表中的索引对象将会不可用,必须重建*/

alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;



create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;



alter index index_name rebuild;



drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];



alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column



/*给表中不用的列做标记*/

alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;



/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/

alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;



/*当在drop col是出现异常,使用CONTINUE,防止重删前面的column*/

ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;



select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;



######## managing indexes ##########



/*create index*/

example:

/*创建一般索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*创建位图索引*/

create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*索引中不能用pctused*/

create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;

/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/

create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;

/*创建反转索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;

/*创建函数索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*建表时创建约束条件*/

create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;



/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数,以加速建索引*/

show parameter create_bit;



/*改变索引的存储参数*/

alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);



/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/

alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');



/*释放索引中没用的空间*/

alter index index_name deallocate unused;



/*索引重建*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;



/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;



/*重建索引时,不锁表*/

alter index index_name rebuild online;



/*给索引整理碎片*/

alter index index_name COALESCE;



/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/

analyze index index_name validate structure;



desc index_state;



drop index index_name;



alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到



alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视



/*有关索引信息的视图*/

select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;



##########数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########



alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop约束



alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键



alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束



/*创建外键约束*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);



/*不效验老数据,只约束新的数据[enable/disable:约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;



/*修改约束条件,延时验证,commit时验证*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;



/*修改约束条件,立即验证*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;



alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;



/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/

drop table table_name cascade constraints;



/*当truncate外键表时,先将外键设为无效,再truncate;*/

truncate table table_name;



/*设约束条件无效*/

alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;



alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;



/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中,此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号;在此之前,要先建exceptions表*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;



/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/

start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;



/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/

select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;



################## managing password security and resources ####################



alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;



alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期



/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁,password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/

create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;

/*创建口令配置文件*/

create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;

/*建立资源配置文件*/

create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;



alter user user_name profile profile_name;



/*设置口令解锁时间*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;



/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期,password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;



/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];



alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令



drop profile profile_name;



/*建立了profile后,且指定给某个用户,则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/

drop profile profile_name CASCADE;



alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false



/*配置资源参数*/

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;

/*资源参数(session级)

cpu_per_session每个session占用cpu的时间单位1/100秒

sessions_per_user允许每个用户的并行session数

connect_time允许连接的时间单位分钟

idle_time连接被空闲多少时间后,被自动断开单位分钟

logical_reads_per_session读块数

private_sga用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数单位bytes



(call级)

cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间

logical_reads_per_call每次调用能够读的块数

*/



alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;



desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包



/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/

select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;



###### Managing users ############



show parameter os;



create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;



grant connect,createtable to testuser1;



alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;



/*创建用户*/

create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;



/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;



/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/

alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;



/*创建os级审核的用户,需知道os_authent_prefix,表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值,此值可以任意设置*/

create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;



/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/

alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;



/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE,将其下一些对象一起删除)*/

drop user user_name [CASCADE];



/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/

desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';



/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/

alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;



######### Managing Privileges #############



grant create table,create session to user_name;



grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;



/*授予权限语法,public标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/

grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];



select * from v$pwfile_users;



/*当O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时,标识select any table时,包括系统表也能select ,否则,不包含系统表;缺省为false*/

show parameter O7;



/*由于O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数,不能动态改变,故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/

alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;



/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限,如select某表中的某些字段的权限*/

grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;



/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/

grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;



select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;



/*db/os/none审计被记录在数据库/操作系统/不审计缺省是none*/

show parameter audit_trail;



/*启动对表的select动作*/

audit select on user.table_name by session;



/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次,by access则每个command都记录*/

audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];



desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计,则可使用dbms_fgs包



/*取消审计*/

noaudit select on user.table_name;



/*查被审计信息*/

select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;



/*获取审计记录*/

select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;



########### Managing Role #################



create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;



create role role_name;

create role role_name identified by password;

create role role_name identified externally;



set role role_name ; ----激活role

set role role_name identified by password;



alter role role_name not identified;

alter role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name identified externally;



grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];

grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;

grant role_name1 to role_name2;



/*建立default role,用户登录时,缺省激活default role*/

alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;

alter user user_name default role all;

alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;

alter user user_name default role none;



set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;

set role all;

set role except role1,role2,...;

set role none;



revoke role_name from user_name;

revoke role_name from public;



drop role role_name;



select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;



########### Basic SQL SELECT ################



select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;



select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符



/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/

select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;



/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/

select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;



/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,

某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入,对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/

select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),

round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;



/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/

select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;



select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1

when '30' then column2*2.1

when '10' then column3/20

else column3

end as ttt

from table_name ; ------使用case函数



select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1

[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接

[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接

[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接

[JOIN table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |

[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;



example:

select col1,col2 from table1 t1

join table2 t2

on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1

join table3 t3

on t2.col1=t3.col3;



select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);



select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);



insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);



MERGE INTO table_name table1

USING table_name2 table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

UPDATE SET

table1.col1=table2.col2,

table1.col2=table2.col3,

...

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句



##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################



alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column



alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效,这个比较快。

alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列



rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表



comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息



create table table_name

(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),

constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件



alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键



/*建立外键*/

create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));



alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');



alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;



alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键



alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效



/*删除列,并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/

alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;



select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图



############## Create Views #####################



CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]

AS subquery

[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]

[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法



example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图

/*使用别名*/

Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;

/*创建复杂视图*/

Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;

/*当用update修改数据时,必须满足视图的col1>10的条件,不满足则不能被改变.*/

Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;



/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据,但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数,group by ,distinct等的列*/

update view_name set col1=value1;



/*TOP-N分析*/

select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;



/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/

example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;



############# Other database Object ###############



CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]

[START WITH n]

[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]

[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]

[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]

[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE



example:

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10

START WITH 120

MAXVALUE 9999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE;



select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图



select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用



alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20

MAXVALUE 999999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号



drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence



CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词



DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词



CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK



select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象



/*union操作,它将两个集合的交集部分压缩,并对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;



/*union all操作,两个集合的交集部分不压缩,且不对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;



/*intersect操作,求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩,且排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;



/*minus操作,集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录,且对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;



/*EXTRACT抽取时间函数.此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/

select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;

/*EXTRACT抽取时间函数.此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/

select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;



##########################增强的group by子句#########################



select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字,对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合



example:

/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);

/*复合rollup表达式*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));



select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字,除完成ROLLUP的功能外,再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合



example:

/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后,再对col2做小计,最后算总计*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

/*复合rollup表达式*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));

/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/

select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);



/*GROUPING(expr)函数,查看select语句种以何字段聚合,其取值为0或1*/

select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column];



example:

select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);



/*grouping sets操作,对group by结果集先对col1求和,再对col2求和,最后将其结果集并在一起*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));

















--监控索引是否使用

alter index &index_name monitoring usage;

alter index &index_name nomonitoring usage;

select * from v$object_usage where index_name = &index_name;

--求数据文件的I/O分布

select df.name,phyrds,phywrts,phyblkrd,phyblkwrt,singleblkrds,readtim,writetim

from v$filestat fs,v$dbfile df

where fs.file#=df.file# order by df.name;

--求某个隐藏参数的值

col ksppinm format a54

col ksppstvl format a54

select ksppinm, ksppstvl

from x$ksppi pi, x$ksppcv cv

where cv.indx=pi.indx and pi.ksppinm like '\_%' escape '\' and pi.ksppinm like '%meer%';

--求系统中较大的latch

select name,sum(gets),sum(misses),sum(sleeps),sum(wait_time)

from v$latch_children

group by name having sum(gets) > 50 order by 2;

--求归档日志的切换频率(生产系统可能时间会很长)

select start_recid,start_time,end_recid,end_time,minutes from (select test.*, rownum as rn

from (select b.recid start_recid,to_char(b.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') start_time,

a.recid end_recid,to_char(a.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') end_time,round(((a.first_time-b.first_time)*24)*60,2) minutes

from v$log_history a,v$log_history b where a.recid=b.recid+1 and b.first_time > sysdate - 1

order by a.first_time desc) test) y where y.rn < 30

--求回滚段正在处理的事务

select a.name,b.xacts,c.sid,c.serial#,d.sql_text

from v$rollname a,v$rollstat b,v$session c,v$sqltext d,v$transaction e

where a.usn=b.usn and b.usn=e.xidusn and c.taddr=e.addr

and c.sql_address=d.address and c.sql_hash_value=d.hash_value order by a.name,c.sid,d.piece;

--求出无效的对象

select 'alter procedure '||object_name||' compile;'

from dba_objects

where status='INVALID' and wner='&' and object_type in ('PACKAGE','PACKAGE BODY');

/

select owner,object_name,object_type,status from dba_objects where status='INVALID';

--求process/session的状态

select p.pid,p.spid,s.program,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$process p,v$session s where s.paddr=p.addr;

--求当前session的状态

select sn.name,ms.value

from v$mystat ms,v$statname sn

where ms.statistic#=sn.statistic# and ms.value > 0;

--求表的索引信息

select ui.table_name,ui.index_name

from user_indexes ui,user_ind_columns uic

where ui.table_name=uic.table_name and ui.index_name=uic.index_name

and ui.table_name like '&table_name%' and uic.column_name='&column_name';

--显示表的外键信息

col search_condition format a54

select table_name,constraint_name

from user_constraints

where constraint_type ='R' and constraint_name in (select constraint_name from user_cons_columns where column_name='&1');

select rpad(child.table_name,25,' ') child_tablename,

rpad(cp.column_name,17,' ') referring_column,rpad(parent.table_name,25,' ') parent_tablename,

rpad(pc.column_name,15,' ') referred_column,rpad(child.constraint_name,25,' ') constraint_name

from user_constraints child,user_constraints parent,

user_cons_columns cp,user_cons_columns pc

where child.constraint_type = 'R' and child.r_constraint_name = parent.constraint_name and

child.constraint_name = cp.constraint_name and parent.constraint_name = pc.constraint_name and

cp.position = pc.position and child.table_name ='&table_name'

order by child.owner,child.table_name,child.constraint_name,cp.position;

--显示表的分区及子分区(user_tab_subpartitions)

col table_name format a16

col partition_name format a16

col high_value format a81

select table_name,partition_name,HIGH_VALUE from user_tab_partitions where table_name='&table_name'

--使用dbms_xplan生成一个执行计划

explain plan set statement_id = '&sql_id' for &sql;

select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);

--求某个事务的重做信息(bytes)

select s.name,m.value

from v$mystat m,v$statname s

where m.statistic#=s.statistic# and s.name like '%redo size%';

--求cache中缓存超过其5%的对象

select o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name,count(b.objd)

from v$bh b,dba_objects o

where b.objd = o.object_id

group by o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name

having count(b.objd) > (select to_number(value)*0.05 from v$parameter where name = 'db_block_buffers');

--求谁阻塞了某个session(10g)

select sid, username, event, blocking_session,

seconds_in_wait, wait_time

from v$session where state in ('WAITING') and wait_class != 'Idle';

--求session的OS进程ID

col program format a54

select p.spid "OS Thread", b.name "Name-User", s.program

from v$process p, v$session s, v$bgprocess b

where p.addr = s.paddr and p.addr = b.paddr

UNION ALL

select p.spid "OS Thread", s.username "Name-User", s.program

from v$process p, v$session s where p.addr = s.paddr and s.username is not null;

--查会话的阻塞

col user_name format a32

select /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username user_name, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s

where l.object_id=o.object_id and l.session_id=s.sid order by o.object_id,xidusn desc ;

col username format a15

col lock_level format a8

col owner format a18

col object_name format a32

select /*+ rule */ s.username, decode(l.type,'tm','table lock', 'tx','row lock', null) lock_level, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o

where l.sid = s.sid and l.id1 = o.object_id(+) and s.username is not null ;

--求等待的事件及会话信息/求会话的等待及会话信息

select se.sid,s.username,se.event,se.total_waits,se.time_waited,se.average_wait

from v$session s,v$session_event se

where s.username is not null and se.sid=s.sid and s.status='ACTIVE' and se.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;

select s.sid,s.username,sw.event,sw.wait_time,sw.state,sw.seconds_in_wait

from v$session s,v$session_wait sw

where s.username is not null and sw.sid=s.sid and sw.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;

--求会话等待的file_id/block_id

col event format a24

col p1text format a12

col p2text format a12

col p3text format a12

select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3

from v$session_wait

where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%' order by event;

select name,wait_time from v$latch l where exists (select 1 from (select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3

from v$session_wait

where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%'

) x where x.p1= l.latch#);

--求会话等待的对象

col owner format a18

col segment_name format a32

col segment_type format a32

select owner,segment_name,segment_type

from dba_extents

where file_id = &file_id and &block_id between block_id and block_id + blocks - 1;

--求buffer cache中的块信息

select o.OBJECT_TYPE, substr(o.OBJECT_NAME,1,10) objname , b.objd , b.status, count(b.objd)

from v$bh b, dba_objects o

where b.objd = o.data_object_id and o.owner = '&1' group by o.object_type, o.object_name,b.objd, b.status ;

--求日志文件的空间使用

select le.leseq current_log_sequence#, 100*cp.cpodr_bno/le.lesiz percentage_full

from x$kcccp cp,x$kccle le

where le.leseq =cp.cpodr_seq;

--求等待中的对象

select /*+rule */ s.sid, s.username, w.event, o.owner, o.segment_name, o.segment_type,

o.partition_name, w.seconds_in_wait seconds, w.state

from v$session_wait w, v$session s, dba_extents o

where w.event in (select name from v$event_name where parameter1 = 'file#'

and parameter2 = 'block#' and name not like 'control%')

and o.owner <> 'sys' and w.sid = s.sid and w.p1 = o.file_id and w.p2 >= o.block_id and w.p2 < o.block_id + o.blocks

--求当前事务的重做尺寸

select value

from v$mystat, v$statname

where v$mystat.statistic# = v$statname.statistic# and v$statname.name = 'redo size';

--唤醒smon去清除临时段

column pid new_value Smon

set termout off

select p.pid from sys.v_$bgprocess b,sys.v_$process p where b.name = 'SMON' and p.addr = b.paddr

/

set termout on

oradebug wakeup &Smon

undefine Smon

--求回退率

select b.value/(a.value + b.value),a.value,b.value from v$sysstat a,v$sysstat b

where a.statistic#=4 and b.statistic#=5;

--求DISK READ较多的SQL

select st.sql_text from v$sql s,v$sqltext st

where s.address=st.address and s.hash_value=st.hash_value and s.disk_reads > 300;

--求DISK SORT严重的SQL

select sess.username, sql.sql_text, sort1.blocks

from v$session sess, v$sqlarea sql, v$sort_usage sort1

where sess.serial# = sort1.session_num

and sort1.sqladdr = sql.address

and sort1.sqlhash = sql.hash_value and sort1.blocks > 200;

--求对象的创建代码

column column_name format a36

column sql_text format a99

select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','&1') from dual;

select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('INDEX','&1') from dual;

--求表的索引

set linesize 131

select a.index_name,a.column_name,b.status, b.index_type

from user_ind_columns a,user_indexes b

where a.index_name=b.index_name and a.table_name='&1';

求索引中行数较多的

select index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where num_rows > 10000 and blevel > 0

select table_name,index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where status <> 'VALID'

--求当前会话的SID,SERIAL#

select sid, serial# from v$session where audsid = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSIONID');

--求表空间的未用空间

col mbytes format 9999.9999

select tablespace_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 mbytes from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;

--求表中定义的触发器

select table_name,index_type,index_name,uniqueness from user_indexes where table_name='&1';

select trigger_name from user_triggers where table_name='&1';

--求未定义索引的表

select table_name from user_tables where table_name not in (select table_name from user_ind_columns);

--执行常用的过程

exec print_sql('select count(*) from tab');

exec show_space2('table_name');

--求free memory

select * from v$sgastat where name='free memory';

select a.name,sum(b.value) from v$statname a,v$sesstat b where a.statistic# = b.statistic# group by a.name;

查看一下谁在使用那个可以得回滚段,或者查看一下某个可以得用户在使用回滚段,

找出领回滚段不断增长的事务,再看看如何处理它,是否可以将它commit,再不行

就看看能否kill它,等等,查看当前正在使用的回滚段的用户信息和回滚段信息:

set linesize 121

SELECT r.name "ROLLBACK SEGMENT NAME ",l.sid "ORACLE PID",p.spid "SYSTEM PID ",s.username "ORACLE USERNAME"

FROM v$lock l, v$process p, v$rollname r, v$session s

WHERE l.sid = p.pid(+) AND s.sid=l.sid AND TRUNC(l.id1(+)/65536) = r.usn AND l.type(+) = 'TX' AND l.lmode(+) = 6 ORDER BY r.name;

--查看用户的回滚段的信息

select s.username, rn.name from v$session s, v$transaction t, v$rollstat r, v$rollname rn

where s.saddr = t.ses_addr and t.xidusn = r.usn and r.usn = rn.usn

--生成执行计划

explain plan set statement_id='a1' for &1;

--查看执行计划

select lpad(' ',2*(level-1))||operation operation,options,OBJECT_NAME,position from plan_table

start with id=0 and statement_id='a1' connect by prior id=parent_id and statement_id='a1'

执行计划
   1)根据SID,从v$sql中找到相应SQL的HASH_VALUE和ADDRESS ;
   SELECT a.sql_text , a.address , a.hash_value
   FROM   v$sql a , v$session b
   where  a.hash_value = b.sql_hash_value
   and    b.sid = &sid ;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:07
2)根据hash_value和address的值,从v$sql_plan中找到真实的执行计划。
   set line 200;
   col oper format a100;
   select lpad(oper,length(oper)+level*2,' ') oper,cost
   from   (
           select object_name||':'||operation||' '||options as oper,cost,id,parent_id
           from   v$sql_plan
           where  hash_value = &hash_value
           and    address = '&address'
          )
   start with id=0
   connect by prior id = parent_id;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:26
这2步,就可以找出实际正在跑的SQL使用的是什么执行计划

set autotrace traceonly statistics
set autotrace traceonly explain
set autotrace traceonly on explain

--查看内存中存的使用

select decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback') "Class",

sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,0,1)) "Not Dirty",sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,1,0)) "Dirty",

sum(dirty_queue) "On Dirty",count(*) "Total"

from x$bh group by decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback');

--查看表空间状态

select tablespace_name,extent_management,segment_space_management from dba_tablespaces;

select table_name,freelists,freelist_groups from user_tables;

--查看系统请求情况

SELECT DECODE (name, 'summed dirty write queue length', value)/

DECODE (name, 'write requests', value) "Write Request Length"

FROM v$sysstat WHERE name IN ( 'summed dirty queue length', 'write requests') and value>0;

--计算data buffer命中率

select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", c.value "phys_reads",

round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"

from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c

where a.statistic# = 40 and b.statistic# = 41 and c.statistic# = 42;

SELECT name, (1-(physical_reads/(db_block_gets+consistent_gets)))*100 H_RATIO FROM v$buffer_pool_statistics;

--查看内存使用情况

select least(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_used,

max(b.value)/(1024*1024) shared_pool_size,greatest(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))-

(sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_avail,((sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))/(max(b.value)/(1024*1024)))*100 avail_pool_pct

from v$sgastat a, v$parameter b where (a.pool='shared pool' and a.name not in ('free memory')) and b.name='shared_pool_size';

--查看用户使用内存情况

select username, sum(sharable_mem), sum(persistent_mem), sum(runtime_mem)

from sys.v_$sqlarea a, dba_users b

where a.parsing_user_id = b.user_id group by username;

--查看对象的缓存情况

select OWNER,NAMESPACE,TYPE,NAME,SHARABLE_MEM,LOADS,EXECUTIONS,LOCKS,PINS,KEPT

from v$db_object_cache where type not in ('NOT LOADED','NON-EXISTENT','VIEW','TABLE','SEQUENCE')

and executions>0 and loads>1 and kept='NO' order by owner,namespace,type,executions desc;

select type,count(*) from v$db_object_cache group by type;

--查看库缓存命中率

select namespace,gets, gethitratio*100 gethitratio,pins,pinhitratio*100 pinhitratio,RELOADS,INVALIDATIONS from v$librarycache

--查看某些用户的hash

select a.username, count(b.hash_value) total_hash,count(b.hash_value)-count(unique(b.hash_value)) same_hash,

(count(unique(b.hash_value))/count(b.hash_value))*100 u_hash_ratio

from dba_users a, v$sqlarea b where a.user_id=b.parsing_user_id group by a.username;

--查看字典命中率

select (sum(getmisses)/sum(gets)) ratio from v$rowcache;

--查看undo段的使用情况

SELECT d.segment_name,extents,optsize,shrinks,aveshrink,aveactive,d.status

FROM v$rollname n,v$rollstat s,dba_rollback_segs d

WHERE d.segment_id=n.usn(+) and d.segment_id=s.usn(+);

--无效的对象

select owner,object_type,object_name from dba_objects where status='INVALID';

select constraint_name,table_name from dba_constraints where status='INVALID';

--求出某个进程,并对它进行跟踪

select s.sid,s.serial# from v$session s,v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and p.spid=&1;

exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,true);

exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,false);

--求出锁定的对象

select do.object_name,session_id,process,locked_mode

from v$locked_object lo, dba_objects do where lo.object_id=do.object_id;

--求当前session的跟踪文件

SELECT p1.value || '/' || p2.value || '_ora_' || p.spid || '.ora' filename

FROM v$process p, v$session s, v$parameter p1, v$parameter p2

WHERE p1.name = 'user_dump_dest' AND p2.name = 'instance_name'

AND p.addr = s.paddr AND s.audsid = USERENV('SESSIONID') AND p.background is null AND instr(p.program,'CJQ') = 0;

--求对象所在的文件及块号

select segment_name,header_file,header_block

from dba_segments where segment_name like '&1';

--求对象发生事务时回退段及块号

select a.segment_name,a.header_file,a.header_block

from dba_segments a,dba_rollback_segs b

where a.segment_name=b.segment_name and b.segment_id='&1'

--9i的在线重定义表

/*如果在线重定义的表没有主键需要创建主键*/

exec dbms_redefinition.can_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement');

create table anno2 as select * from announcement

exec dbms_redefinition.start_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

exec dbms_redefinition.sync_interim_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

exec dbms_redefinition.finish_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

drop table anno2

exec dbms_redefinition.abort_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

--常用的logmnr脚本(cybercafe)

exec sys.dbms_logmnr_d.build(dictionary_filename =>'esal',dictionary_location =>'/home/oracle/logmnr');

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_24050.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.new);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22912.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22913.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22914.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'/home/oracle/logmnr/esal.ora');

create table logmnr2 as select * from v$logmnr_contents;

死锁问题:1)查找死锁的进程:
sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SELECT s.username,l.OBJECT_ID,l.SESSION_ID,s.SERIAL#,l.ORACLE_USERNAME,
l.OS_USER_NAME,l.PROCESS FROM V$LOCKED_OBJECT l,V$SESSION S WHERE l.SESSION_ID=S.SID;


2)kill掉这个死锁的进程:
alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; (其中sid=l.session_id)
3)如果还不能解决,
select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=XX and ses.paddr=pro.addr;
其中sid用死锁的sid替换。
exit


--与权限相关的字典

ALL_COL_PRIVS表示列上的授权,用户和PUBLIC是被授予者

ALL_COL_PRIVS_MADE表示列上的授权,用户是属主和被授予者

ALL_COL_RECD表示列