MySQLNDBCluster的安装教程
MySQL集群是一个无共享的(share-nothing)、分布式节点架构的存储方案,目的是提供容错性和高性能。
MySQL NDB Cluster架构如图:
MySQL NDB Cluster架构按照节点类型分为三部分: 管理节点:管理节点通过对配置文件conifg.ini的维护来对其他节点进行管理。该文件可以用来配置有多少副本需要维护、在数据节点上为数据和索引分配多少内存、数据节点的位置、数据节点上保存数据的磁盘的位置,SQL节点的位置信息等,管理节点只能有一个。SQL节点:SQL节点可以理解为应用程序和数据节点的一个桥梁,应用程序不能直接访问数据节点,只能先访问SQL节点,然后SQL节点再去访问数据节点来返回数据,Cluster中可以有多个SQL节点,通过每个SQL节点查询到的数据都是一致的,一般来说,SQL节点越多,分配到每个SQL节点的负载就越小,系统的整体性能就越好;数据节点:数据节点用来存放数据,可有多个数据节点。
下面演示MySQL NDB Cluster的安装:
1、环境信息:
管理节点Mgmd:10.24.32.180 SQL节点Mysqld1:10.24.32.181 SQL节点Mysqld2:10.24.32.182 数据节点Ndbd1:10.24.32.183 数据节点Ndbd2:10.24.32.184
2、下载MySQL NDB Cluster软件;
[root@strong /]# ll /u01/ total 873104 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 894037512 Mar 6 13:26 mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@strong /]#
3、安装SQL节点,在每个SQL节点都执行如下操作; 1)创建mysql用户和组,如果该用户和组不存在:
[root@strong ~]# grep mysql /etc/passwd [root@strong ~]# grep mysql /etc/group [root@strong ~]# groupadd mysql [root@strong ~]# useradd -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql [root@strong ~]#
2)解压缩 mysql-cluster软件;
[root@strong local]# tar zxvf /u01/mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@strong local]# ln -s mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql [root@strong local]#
3)设置数据库系统
[root@strong local]# cd mysql [root@strong mysql]# ./bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql 2018-03-06T11:04:27.469235Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2018-03-06T11:04:28.202258Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2018-03-06T11:04:28.291271Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2018-03-06T11:04:28.360238Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 238f3d44-212e-11e8-a946-000c298da433. 2018-03-06T11:04:28.365955Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened. 2018-03-06T11:04:28.371758Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 9gidWnDuEo_:
4)拷贝MySQL启动脚本;
[root@strong mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server
5)修改Root密码;
[root@strong mysql]# service mysql.server start Starting MySQL.Logging to '/usr/local/mysql/data/strong.mysql.com.err'. ..... SUCCESS! [root@strong mysql]# ./bin/mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 Server version: 5.7.21-ndb-7.5.9-cluster-gpl Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'root'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
4、安装数据节点,在每个SQL节点都执行如下操作; 将ndbd、ndbmtd拷贝至/usr/local/bin/目录中:
[root@strong u01]# tar zxvf mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@strong u01]# cp mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd /usr/local/bin/ndbd [root@strong u01]# cp mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin/ndbmtd [root@strong u01]# ll /usr/local/bin/ total 38280 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 39197765 Mar 6 19:38 ndbd -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Mar 6 19:39 ndbmtd [root@strong u01]#
5、安装管理节点; 将ndb_mgm、ndb_mgmd拷贝至/usr/local/bin/目录中:
[root@strong local]# scp mysql-cluster-gpl-7.5.9-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndb_mgm* root@10.24.32.180:/usr/local/bin/ The authenticity of host '10.24.32.180 (10.24.32.180)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is 5b:97:d1:f5:8b:84:a8:ac:9b:bf:b2:b4:0d:71:92:a5. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.24.32.180' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@10.24.32.180's password: ndb_mgm 100% 7940KB 7.8MB/s 00:00 ndb_mgmd 100% 17MB 17.3MB/s 00:00 [root@strong local]#
6、配置数据节点和SQL节点; 每个数据节点和SQL节点都需要一个my.cnf配置文件,该文件包括 连接串ndb-connectstring:告诉节点到哪里查找到管理节点信息;存储引擎信息:ndbcluster。配置信息:
[root@strong ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] ndbcluster #run NDB storage engine [mysql_cluster] ndb-connectstring=10.24.32.180 #location of management server
7、配置管理节点; 创建目录,放置配置文件:
[root@strong local]# mkdir mysql [root@strong local]# cd mysql/ [root@strong mysql]# mkdir mysql-cluster [root@strong mysql-cluster]# vi config.ini [ndbd default] #Opitions affecting ndbd processes on all nodes: NoOfReplicas=1 #Number of replicas [ndb_mgmd] HostName=10.24.32.180 #Hostname or IP address of MGM node DataDir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster #Dir for MGM node log files [ndbd] HostName=10.24.32.183 NodeId=2 DataDir=/u01 [ndbd] HostName=10.24.32.184 NodeId=3 DataDir=/u01 [mysqld] HostName=10.24.32.181 [mysqld] HostName=10.24.32.182
8、启动Cluster; Cluster需要各个节点都进行启动后才可以运行,节点的启动顺序为管理节点——>数据节点——>SQL节点。 启动管理节点:
[root@strong mysql-cluster]# ndb_mgmd -f ./config.ini MySQL Cluster Management Server mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9 [root@strong mysql-cluster]# ps aux |grep ndb_mgmd root 8155 2.5 0.6 504480 3380 ? Ssl 20:48 0:00 ndb_mgmd -f ./config.ini root 8166 13.0 0.1 112632 968 pts/0 S+ 20:48 0:00 grep --color=auto ndb_mgmd [root@strong mysql-cluster]#
启动数据节点:
[root@strong local]# ndbd 2018-03-06 20:51:40 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel connected to '10.24.32.180:1186' 2018-03-06 20:51:40 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel allocated nodeid: 2
启动SQL节点:
[root@strong ~]# service mysql.server start Starting MySQL........................................................................................................................................... SUCCESS!
9、节点全部成功启动后,在管理节点查看集群状态;
[root@strong mysql-cluster]# ndb_mgm -- NDB Cluster -- Management Client -- ndb_mgm> show Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186 Cluster Configuration --------------------- [ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s) id=2 @10.24.32.183 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 0, *) id=3 @10.24.32.184 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 1) [ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @10.24.32.180 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) [mysqld(API)] 2 node(s) id=4 @10.24.32.181 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) id=5 @10.24.32.182 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) ndb_mgm>
ndb_mgm是ndb_mgmd(MySQL Cluster Server)的客户端管理工具,通过它可以方便的检查Cluster的状态、启动备份、关闭Cluster等功能。 通过上面的状态信息,可以看到:
1)集群的管理服务端口是1186; Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186 2)集群的数据节点有2个; [ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s) id=2 @10.24.32.183 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 0, *) id=3 @10.24.32.184 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 1) 3)管理节点有一个; [ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @10.24.32.180 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) 4)SQL节点有2个,且处于连接状态; [mysqld(API)] 2 node(s) id=4 @10.24.32.181 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) id=5 @10.24.32.182 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9)
10、测试Cluster; 使用Cluster,则表的存储引擎必须为NDB,其他类型存储引擎的数据不会保存到数据节点中,对于CLuster的一个重要功能就是防止单点故障,下面将分别进行测试: 1)NDB存储引擎测试
--在任一SQL节点(本例用10.24.32.181)的test库创建测试表t_cluster,设置存储引擎为NDB: mysql> create table t_cluster(id int,name varchar(100),cdate datetime default now()) engine=NDB; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec) mysql> insert into t_cluster(id,name) values(1,'Alen'),(2,'Cluster Test'); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.10 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.03 sec) mysql> --在另一SQL节点(本例用10.24.32.182)的test库查询表t_cluster,结果如下: mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> --如上,两个SQL节点查询到的数据是一致的。 --在SQL节点10.24.32.181将表t_cluster的存储引擎改为MyISAM,再次插入测试: mysql> alter table t_cluster engine=myisam; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.66 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into t_cluster(id,name) values(3,'MyISAM Test'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 3 | MyISAM Test | 2018-03-06 23:15:02 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> --在SQL节点10.24.32.182再次查询表t_cluster,可以发现,表无法查询,结果如下: mysql> select *from t_cluster; ERROR 1412 (HY000): Table definition has changed, please retry transaction mysql> --在SQL节点10.24.32.181将表t_cluster的存储引擎改为NDB: mysql> alter table t_cluster engine=ndb; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.32 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> --在SQL节点10.24.32.182再次查询,结果如下: mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 3 | MyISAM Test | 2018-03-06 23:15:02 | | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> --显然,表t_cluster的数据再次同步到了数据节点,所有SQL节点又都可以正常查询数据。2)单点故障测试 对于任一种节点,都存在单点故障的可能性,在Cluster的设置过程中,应该尽量对每一类节点设置冗余,以防止单点故障发生时造成的应用中断;对于管理节点,一般不需要特殊的设置,只需要将管理工具和配置文件放在多台主机上即可。 SQL节点发生单点故障
--将SQL节点10.24.32.181的MySQL服务停止: [root@strong mysql]# mysqladmin -uroot -p shutdown Enter password: --查看CLuster的状态,可以发现SQL节点10.24.32.181已经断开,另一SQL节点10.24.32.182仍然正常连接: [root@strong mysql-cluster]# ndb_mgm -- NDB Cluster -- Management Client -- ndb_mgm> show Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186 Cluster Configuration --------------------- [ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s) id=2 @10.24.32.183 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 0, *) id=3 @10.24.32.184 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 1) [ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @10.24.32.180 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) [mysqld(API)] 2 node(s) id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.181) id=5 @10.24.32.182 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) ndb_mgm> --从节点10.24.32.182查看t_cluster表,结果如下,显然,SQL节点的单点故障并没有引起数据的查询故障,对于应用来说,需要改变的就是将以前对故障节点的访问改为对非故障节点的访问: mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | | 3 | MyISAM Test | 2018-03-06 23:15:02 | | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-06 23:07:50 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)数据节点的单点故障 在该测试环境中,数据节点有两个,那么它们对数据的存储是互相镜像还是一份数据分成几块呢?这个答案的关键在于配置文件中[ndbd default]组中的noofreplicas参数,如果该值为1,表示只有一份数据,但是分成n块分别存储在n个数据节点上;如果等于2,则表示数据被分成n/2块,每块数据都有两个备份,这样即使有任一个节点发生故障,只要它的备份节点正常,系统就可以正常运行。
--管理节点10.24.32.180的[ndbd default]组中的noofreplicas参数为1,将数据节点10.24.32.183的NDB进程停止: [root@strong u01]# ps -ef |grep ndbd root 8253 1 0 20:51 ? 00:00:01 ndbd root 8254 8253 3 20:51 ? 00:03:36 ndbd root 8515 8336 0 22:48 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ndbd [root@strong u01]# kill 8254 8253 --查看集群状态: ndb_mgm> show Cluster Configuration --------------------- [ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s) id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.183) id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.184) [ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @10.24.32.180 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) [mysqld(API)] 2 node(s) id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.181) id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.182) --在任一SQL节点(10.24.32.181)查询表t_cluster,结果如下: mysql> select *from t_cluster; ERROR 1296 (HY000): Got error 4009 'Cluster Failure' from NDBCLUSTER mysql> --将noofreplicas参数改为2,按照前面的步骤重启集群: NoOfReplicas=2 --停止数据节点10.24.32.183的NDB进程: [root@strong ~]# ps aux |grep ndbd root 1322 0.0 0.0 28584 128 ? Ss 01:22 0:00 ndbd --initial root 1323 1.8 56.6 1136400 281004 ? Sl 01:22 0:04 ndbd --initial root 1382 0.0 0.1 112632 964 pts/0 S+ 01:26 0:00 grep --color=auto ndbd [root@strong ~]# kill 1323 [root@strong ~]# ps aux |grep ndbd root 1386 0.0 0.1 112632 964 pts/0 R+ 01:26 0:00 grep --color=auto ndbd [root@strong ~]# --查看集群状态: ndb_mgm> show Cluster Configuration --------------------- [ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s) id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 10.24.32.183) id=3 @10.24.32.184 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9, Nodegroup: 0, *) [ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @10.24.32.180 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) [mysqld(API)] 2 node(s) id=4 @10.24.32.181 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) id=5 @10.24.32.182 (mysql-5.7.21 ndb-7.5.9) ndb_mgm> --再次从任一SQL节点10.24.32.181查询,结果如下: mysql> select *from t_cluster; +------+--------------+---------------------+ | id | name | cdate | +------+--------------+---------------------+ | 1 | Alen | 2018-03-07 01:40:04 | | 3 | MyISAM Test | 2018-03-07 01:40:19 | | 2 | Cluster Test | 2018-03-07 01:40:04 | +------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
11、Cluster的关闭;
[root@strong mysql-cluster]# ndb_mgm -- NDB Cluster -- Management Client -- ndb_mgm> shutdown Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186 Node 2: Cluster shutdown initiated Node 3: Cluster shutdown initiated Node 3: Node shutdown completed. 3 NDB Cluster node(s) have shutdown. Disconnecting to allow management server to shutdown. Node 2: Node shutdown completed. ndb_mgm>
注意:集群关闭后,SQL节点不会关闭,需手工关闭;
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