PHP Opcode内核实现
catalogue
1. Opcode简介2. PHP中的Opcode3. opcode翻译执行(即时解释执行)
1. Opcode简介
opcode是计算机指令中的一部分,用于指定要执行的操作, 指令的格式和规范由处理器的指令规范指定。 除了指令本身以外通常还有指令所需要的操作数,可能有的指令不需要显式的操作数。 这些操作数可能是寄存器中的值,堆栈中的值,某块内存的值或者IO端口中的值等等
通常opcode还有另一种称谓: 字节码(byte codes)。 例如Java虚拟机(JVM),.NET的通用中间语言(CIL: Common Intermeditate Language)等等
PHP中的opcode则属于前面介绍中的后着,PHP是构建在Zend虚拟机(Zend VM)之上的。PHP的opcode就是Zend虚拟机中的指令(基于Zend的中间代码)
Relevant Link:
http://www.luocong.com/learningopcode/doc/1._%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AFOpCode%EF%BC%9F.htm
2. PHP中的Opcode
0x1: 数据结构
在PHP实现内部,opcode由如下的结构体表示\php-5.6.17\Zend\zend_compile.h
struct _zend_op { opcode_handler_t handler; // 执行该opcode时调用的处理函数 znode_op op1; // opcode所操作的操作数 znode_op op2; // opcode所操作的操作数 znode_op result; ulong extended_value; uint lineno; zend_uchar opcode; // opcode代码 zend_uchar op1_type; zend_uchar op2_type; zend_uchar result_type;};
和CPU的指令类似,有一个标示指令的opcode字段,以及这个opcode所操作的操作数,PHP不像汇编那么底层, 在脚本实际执行的时候可能还需要其他更多的信息,extended_value字段就保存了这类信息, 其中的result域则是保存该指令执行完成后的结果
例如如下代码是在编译器遇到print语句的时候进行编译的函数
\php-5.6.17\Zend\zend_compile.c
void zend_do_print(znode *result, const znode *arg TSRMLS_DC) /* {{{ */{ //新创建一条zend_op zend_op *opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC); //将新建的zend_op的返回值类型设置为临时变量(IS_TMP_VAR),因为print中的内存仅仅为了临时输出,并不需要保存 opline->result_type = IS_TMP_VAR; //为临时变量申请空间 opline->result.var = get_temporary_variable(CG(active_op_array)); //指定opcode为ZEND_PRINT opline->opcode = ZEND_PRINT; //将传递进来的参数赋值给这条opcode的第一个操作数 SET_NODE(opline->op1, arg); SET_UNUSED(opline->op2); GET_NODE(result, opline->result);}
0x2: opcode类型: zend_op->zend_uchar opcode
比对汇编语言的概念,每个opcode都对应于一个类型,表明该opcpde的"操作指令",opcode的类型为zend_uchar,zend_uchar实际上就是unsigned char,此字段保存的整形值即为op的编号,用来区分不同的op类型,opcode的可取值都被定义成了宏/Zend/zend_vm_opcodes.h
#define ZEND_NOP 0#define ZEND_ADD 1#define ZEND_SUB 2#define ZEND_MUL 3#define ZEND_DIV 4#define ZEND_MOD 5#define ZEND_SL 6#define ZEND_SR 7#define ZEND_CONCAT 8#define ZEND_BW_OR 9#define ZEND_BW_AND 10#define ZEND_BW_XOR 11#define ZEND_BW_NOT 12#define ZEND_BOOL_NOT 13#define ZEND_BOOL_XOR 14#define ZEND_IS_IDENTICAL 15#define ZEND_IS_NOT_IDENTICAL 16#define ZEND_IS_EQUAL 17#define ZEND_IS_NOT_EQUAL 18#define ZEND_IS_SMALLER 19#define ZEND_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL 20#define ZEND_CAST 21#define ZEND_QM_ASSIGN 22#define ZEND_ASSIGN_ADD 23#define ZEND_ASSIGN_SUB 24#define ZEND_ASSIGN_MUL 25#define ZEND_ASSIGN_DIV 26#define ZEND_ASSIGN_MOD 27#define ZEND_ASSIGN_SL 28#define ZEND_ASSIGN_SR 29#define ZEND_ASSIGN_CONCAT 30#define ZEND_ASSIGN_BW_OR 31#define ZEND_ASSIGN_BW_AND 32#define ZEND_ASSIGN_BW_XOR 33#define ZEND_PRE_INC 34#define ZEND_PRE_DEC 35#define ZEND_POST_INC 36#define ZEND_POST_DEC 37#define ZEND_ASSIGN 38#define ZEND_ASSIGN_REF 39#define ZEND_ECHO 40#define ZEND_PRINT 41#define ZEND_JMP 42#define ZEND_JMPZ 43#define ZEND_JMPNZ 44#define ZEND_JMPZNZ 45#define ZEND_JMPZ_EX 46#define ZEND_JMPNZ_EX 47#define ZEND_CASE 48#define ZEND_SWITCH_FREE 49#define ZEND_BRK 50#define ZEND_CONT 51#define ZEND_BOOL 52#define ZEND_INIT_STRING 53#define ZEND_ADD_CHAR 54#define ZEND_ADD_STRING 55#define ZEND_ADD_VAR 56#define ZEND_BEGIN_SILENCE 57#define ZEND_END_SILENCE 58#define ZEND_INIT_FCALL_BY_NAME 59#define ZEND_DO_FCALL 60#define ZEND_DO_FCALL_BY_NAME 61#define ZEND_RETURN 62#define ZEND_RECV 63#define ZEND_RECV_INIT 64#define ZEND_SEND_VAL 65#define ZEND_SEND_VAR 66#define ZEND_SEND_REF 67#define ZEND_NEW 68#define ZEND_INIT_NS_FCALL_BY_NAME 69#define ZEND_FREE 70#define ZEND_INIT_ARRAY 71#define ZEND_ADD_ARRAY_ELEMENT 72#define ZEND_INCLUDE_OR_EVAL 73#define ZEND_UNSET_VAR 74#define ZEND_UNSET_DIM 75#define ZEND_UNSET_OBJ 76#define ZEND_FE_RESET 77#define ZEND_FE_FETCH 78#define ZEND_EXIT 79#define ZEND_FETCH_R 80#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_R 81#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_R 82#define ZEND_FETCH_W 83#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_W 84#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_W 85#define ZEND_FETCH_RW 86#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_RW 87#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_RW 88#define ZEND_FETCH_IS 89#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_IS 90#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_IS 91#define ZEND_FETCH_FUNC_ARG 92#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_FUNC_ARG 93#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_FUNC_ARG 94#define ZEND_FETCH_UNSET 95#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_UNSET 96#define ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_UNSET 97#define ZEND_FETCH_DIM_TMP_VAR 98#define ZEND_FETCH_CONSTANT 99#define ZEND_GOTO 100#define ZEND_EXT_STMT 101#define ZEND_EXT_FCALL_BEGIN 102#define ZEND_EXT_FCALL_END 103#define ZEND_EXT_NOP 104#define ZEND_TICKS 105#define ZEND_SEND_VAR_NO_REF 106#define ZEND_CATCH 107#define ZEND_THROW 108#define ZEND_FETCH_CLASS 109#define ZEND_CLONE 110#define ZEND_RETURN_BY_REF 111#define ZEND_INIT_METHOD_CALL 112#define ZEND_INIT_STATIC_METHOD_CALL 113#define ZEND_ISSET_ISEMPTY_VAR 114#define ZEND_ISSET_ISEMPTY_DIM_OBJ 115#define ZEND_PRE_INC_OBJ 132#define ZEND_PRE_DEC_OBJ 133#define ZEND_POST_INC_OBJ 134#define ZEND_POST_DEC_OBJ 135#define ZEND_ASSIGN_OBJ 136#define ZEND_INSTANCEOF 138#define ZEND_DECLARE_CLASS 139#define ZEND_DECLARE_INHERITED_CLASS 140#define ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION 141#define ZEND_RAISE_ABSTRACT_ERROR 142#define ZEND_DECLARE_CONST 143#define ZEND_ADD_INTERFACE 144#define ZEND_DECLARE_INHERITED_CLASS_DELAYED 145#define ZEND_VERIFY_ABSTRACT_CLASS 146#define ZEND_ASSIGN_DIM 147#define ZEND_ISSET_ISEMPTY_PROP_OBJ 148#define ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION 149#define ZEND_USER_OPCODE 150#define ZEND_JMP_SET 152#define ZEND_DECLARE_LAMBDA_FUNCTION 153#define ZEND_ADD_TRAIT 154#define ZEND_BIND_TRAITS 155#define ZEND_SEPARATE 156#define ZEND_QM_ASSIGN_VAR 157#define ZEND_JMP_SET_VAR 158#define ZEND_DISCARD_EXCEPTION 159#define ZEND_YIELD 160#define ZEND_GENERATOR_RETURN 161#define ZEND_FAST_CALL 162#define ZEND_FAST_RET 163#define ZEND_RECV_VARIADIC 164#define ZEND_SEND_UNPACK 165#define ZEND_POW 166#define ZEND_ASSIGN_POW 167
0x3: opcode执行句柄: zend_op->handler
op的执行句柄,其类型为opcode_handler_t
typedef int (ZEND_FASTCALL *opcode_handler_t) (ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS);
这个函数指针为op定义了执行方式,每一种opcode字段都对应一个种类的handler,比如如果$a = 1;这样的代码生成的op,操作数为const和cv,最后就能确定handler为函数ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER/Zend/zend_vm_execute.h
void zend_init_opcodes_handlers(void){ static const opcode_handler_t labels[] = { .. ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER, .. }}
0x4: opcpde操作数znode
操作数字段是_zend_op类型中比较重要的部分了,其中op1,op2,result三个操作数定义为znode类型\php-5.6.17\Zend\zend_compile.h
typedef struct _znode { /* used only during compilation */ /* 这个int类型的字段定义znode操作数的类型 #define IS_CONST (10x5: opcode编译后数组op_array
在zend_do_print函数中的第一行,我们注意到下面这行代码
zend_op *opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC);PHP脚本代码被编译后产生的opcode保存在op_array中,其内部存储的结构如下\php-5.6.17\Zend\zend_compile.h
struct _zend_op_array { /* Common elements */ zend_uchar type; const char *function_name; // 如果是用户定义的函数则,这里将保存函数的名字 zend_class_entry *scope; zend_uint fn_flags; union _zend_function *prototype; zend_uint num_args; zend_uint required_num_args; zend_arg_info *arg_info; /* END of common elements */ zend_uint *refcount; zend_op *opcodes; // opcode数组 zend_uint last; zend_compiled_variable *vars; int last_var; zend_uint T; zend_uint nested_calls; zend_uint used_stack; zend_brk_cont_element *brk_cont_array; int last_brk_cont; zend_try_catch_element *try_catch_array; int last_try_catch; zend_bool has_finally_block; /* static variables support */ HashTable *static_variables; zend_uint this_var; const char *filename; zend_uint line_start; zend_uint line_end; const char *doc_comment; zend_uint doc_comment_len; zend_uint early_binding; /* the linked list of delayed declarations */ zend_literal *literals; int last_literal; void **run_time_cache; int last_cache_slot; void *reserved[ZEND_MAX_RESERVED_RESOURCES];};整个PHP脚本代码被编译后的opcodes保存在这里,在执行的时候由下面的execute函数执行
ZEND_API void execute(zend_op_array *op_array TSRMLS_DC){ // ... 循环执行op_array中的opcode或者执行其他op_array中的opcode}每条opcode都有一个opcode_handler_t的函数指针字段,用于执行该opcode,PHP有三种方式来进行opcode的处理
1. CALL: PHP默认使用CALL的方式,也就是函数调用的方式2. SWITCH: 由于opcode执行是每个PHP程序频繁需要进行的操作,可以使用SWITCH或者GOTO的方式来分发3. GOTO: 通常GOTO的效率相对会高一些,不过效率是否提高依赖于不同的CPU实际上我们会发现,在/zend/zend_language_parser.c中就是Zend的opcode翻译解释执行过程,其中包含了call、switch、goto三种opcode执行方式这就是PHP为什么称之为解释型语言的内核原理,PHP在完成Lex词法解析后,在语法解析即生成产生式的时候,直接通过call、switch、goto的方式调用zend api进行即使解释执行
Relevant Link:
http://www.nowamagic.net/librarys/veda/detail/1325http://php.net/manual/zh/internals2.opcodes.list.phphttp://www.nowamagic.net/librarys/veda/detail/1543http://www.nowamagic.net/librarys/veda/detail/1324http://www.nowamagic.net/librarys/veda/detail/1543 http://www.laruence.com/2008/06/18/221.htmlhttp://www.php-internals.com/book/?p=chapt02/02-03-02-opcode3. opcode翻译执行(即时解释执行)
Relevant Link:
http://www.php-internals.com/book/?p=chapt02/02-03-03-from-opcode-to-handlerCopyright (c) 2016 Little5ann All rights reserved