Linux网络相关的命令

一、测试网络连通性。
ping命令：
ping +IP/域名，查看服务的运行情况，判断网络是否可达。

二、显示路由表。
ip route

三、查看IP地址：
ifconfig
ip addr
ip a s

四、追踪达到目标地址的网络路径。
traceroute +域名 ------Linux系统。
tracert +域名 --------Windows系统。

五、 测试网络质量。（综合了ping+traceroute）
mtr +域名

mtr的参数：

NAME
   mtr - a network diagnostic tool

SYNOPSIS
mtr [-BfhvrctglxspQemniuTP46] [–help] [–version] [–report] [–report-wide] [–report-cycles COUNT] [–curses] [–split] [–raw]
[ --xml] [–mpls] [–no-dns] [–show-ips] [–gtk] [–address IP.ADD.RE.SS] [–interval SECONDS] [–max-ttl NUM] [–first-ttl NUM]
[–bitpattern NUM] [–tos NUM] [–psize BYTES | -s BYTES] [–tcp] [–udp] [–port PORT] [–timeout SECONDS] HOSTNAME [PACKETSIZE]

DESCRIPTION
mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool.

   As  mtr  starts,  it  investigates the network connection between the host mtr runs on and HOSTNAME.  by sending packets with pur?
   posely low TTLs. It continues to send packets with low TTL, noting the response time of the intervening routers.  This allows  mtr
   to  print  the  response  percentage  and  response  times of the internet route to HOSTNAME.  A sudden increase in packet loss or
   response time is often an indication of a bad (or simply overloaded) link.

   The results are usually reported as round-trip-response times in miliseconds and the percentage of packetloss.

OPTIONS
-h

   --help
          Print the summary of command line argument options.

   -v

   --version
          Print the installed version of mtr.

   -r

   --report
          This option puts mtr into report mode.  When in this mode, mtr will run for the  number  of  cycles  specified  by  the  -c
          option, and then print statistics and exit.

          This  mode  is  useful for generating statistics about network quality.  Note that each running instance of mtr generates a
          significant amount of network traffic.  Using mtr to measure the quality of your network may result  in  decreased  network
          performance.

   -w

   --report-wide
          This option puts mtr into wide report mode.  When in this mode, mtr will not cut hostnames in the report.

   -c COUNT

   --report-cycles COUNT
          Use  this option to set the number of pings sent to determine both the machines on the network and the reliability of those
          machines.  Each cycle lasts one second.

   -s BYTES

   --psize BYTES

   PACKETSIZE
          These options or a trailing PACKETSIZE on the command line sets the packet size used for probing.  It is in bytes inclusive
          IP and ICMP headers

          If set to a negative number, every iteration will use a different, random packet size upto that number.

   -t

   --curses
          Use this option to force mtr to use the curses based terminal interface (if available).

   -e

   --mpls
          Use  this  option  to  tell  mtr  to  display  information from ICMP extensions for MPLS (RFC 4950) that are encoded in the
          response packets.

   -n

   --no-dns
          Use this option to force mtr to display numeric IP numbers and not try to resolve the host names.

   -b

   --show-ips
          Use this option to tell mtr to display both the host names and numeric IP numbers.  In split mode this adds an extra  field
          to  the  output. In report mode, there is usually too little space to add the IPs, and they will be truncated. Use the wide
          report (-w) mode to see the IPs in report mode.

   -o fields order

   --order fields order
          Use this option to specify the fields and their order when loading mtr.
          Available fields:

                                                           ┌──┬─────────────────────┐
                                                           │L │ Loss ratio          │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │D │ Dropped packets     │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │R │ Received packets    │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │S │ Sent Packets        │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │N │ Newest RTT(ms)      │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │B │ Min/Best RTT(ms)    │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │A │ Average RTT(ms)     │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │W │ Max/Worst RTT(ms)   │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │V │ Standard Deviation  │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │G │ Geometric Mean      │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │J │ Current Jitter      │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │M │ Jitter Mean/Avg.    │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │X │ Worst Jitter        │
                                                           ├──┼─────────────────────┤
                                                           │I │ Interarrival Jitter │
                                                           └──┴─────────────────────┘
          Example: -o "LSD NBAW"

   -g

   --gtk
          Use this option to force mtr to use the GTK+ based X11 window interface (if available).  GTK+ must have been  available  on
          the  system  when  mtr was built for this to work.  See the GTK+ web page at http://www.gtk.org/ for more information about
          GTK+.

   -p

   --split
          Use this option to set mtr to spit out a format that is suitable for a split-user interface.

   -l

   --raw
          Use this option to tell mtr to use the raw output format. This format is better suited  for  archival  of  the  measurement
          results. It could be parsed to be presented into any of the other display methods.

   -x

   --xml
          Use this option to tell mtr to use the xml output format. This format is better suited for automated processing of the mea?
          surement results.

   -a IP.ADD.RE.SS

   --address IP.ADD.RE.SS
          Use this option to bind outgoing packets' socket to specific interface, so that any packet will be sent through this inter?
          face. NOTE that this option doesn't apply to DNS requests (which could be and could not be what you want).

   -i SECONDS

   --interval SECONDS
          Use this option to specify the positive number of seconds between ICMP ECHO requests.  The default value for this parameter
          is one second.

   -m NUM

   --max-ttl NUM
          Specifies the maximum number of hops (max time-to-live value) traceroute will probe. Default is 30.

   -f NUM

   --first-ttl NUM
          Specifies with what TTL to start. Defaults to 1.

   -B NUM

   --bitpattern NUM
          Specifies bit pattern to use in payload. Should be within range 0 - 255.

   -Q NUM

   --tos NUM
          Specifies value for type of service field in IP header. Should be within range 0 - 255.


   -u

   --udp
          Use UDP datagrams instead of ICMP ECHO.

   -T

   --tcp
          Use TCP SYN packets instead of ICMP ECHO. PACKETSIZE is ignored, since SYN packets can not contain data.

   -P PORT
   -P PORT

   --port PORT
          The target port number for TCP traces.
          The target port number for TCP traces.
   --bitpattern NUM
          Specifies bit pattern to use in payload. Should be within range 0 - 255.

   -Q NUM

   --tos NUM
          Specifies value for type of service field in IP header. Should be within range 0 - 255.

   -u

   --udp
          Use UDP datagrams instead of ICMP ECHO.

   -T

   --tcp
          Use TCP SYN packets instead of ICMP ECHO. PACKETSIZE is ignored, since SYN packets can not contain data.

   -P PORT

   --port PORT
          The target port number for TCP traces.

   --timeout SECONDS
          The number of seconds to keep the TCP socket open before giving up on the connection. This will only affect the final  hop.
          Using large values for this, especially combined with a short interval, will use up a lot of file descriptors.

排查网络故障：从底层到高层，从自身到外部。