python3爬虫(五)--requests库的基本使用

程序员文章站 2024-03-23 08:48:40

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前言

前面几篇学习了，urllib的这个库，这个库用起来有点麻烦，发送请求，添加header等等，这篇来介绍下requests这个库，Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的，采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库，Requests它会比urllib更加方便，可以节约我们大量的工作。

安装

pip install requests

例子

先看一个简单的小例子，来看看requests的威力

import requests
r = requests.get('http:www.baidu.com')
print(r.text)

这样就可以把百度的首页源码给抓下来，对你没看错，就这几行代码。是不是比urllib方便多了。又方便又简单。
r是我们请求返回的一个response的一个对象

requests库的方法

requests的库主要有以下7个方法

方法	解释
requests.request()	构造一个请求，支持以下各种方法
requests.get()	获取html的主要方法
requests.head()	获取html头部信息的主要方法
requests.post()	向html网页提交post请求的方法
equests.put()	向html网页提交put请求的方法
equests.patch()	向html提交局部修改的请求
requests.delete()	向html提交删除请求

requests.get()方法

这个方法是我们平时最常用的方法之一，通过这个方法我们可以了解到其他的方法，所以我们详细介绍这个方法。
具体参数是：

r=requests.get(url,params,**kwargs)

url:就是需要爬取的网站地址
params: 就是参数的意思，url中的参数，字典或者字节流格式。
**kwargs: 关键字参数，params中传的字典类型

看看 **kwargs:

params：字典或字节序列，作为参数增加到url中,使用这个参数可以把一些键值对以?key1=value1&key2=value2的模式增加到url中
例子：

kw = {'key1':' values', 'key2': 'values'}
r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', params=kw)

其中response对象有以下属性：

属性	说明
r.status_code	http请求的返回状态，若为200则表示请求成功。
r.text	http响应内容的字符串形式，即返回的页面内容
r.encoding	从http header 中猜测的相应内容编码方式
r.apparent_encoding	从内容中分析出的响应内容编码方式（备选编码方式）
r.content	http响应内容的二进制形式

带参数的get请求

开篇说了一个简单的get请求，现在来看看带参数的get请求时怎样的。

import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
data = {
    'name': 'lisi',
    'age': '18'
}
r = requests.get(url,params=data)
print(r.text)

可以看到返回的结果中，带有我们的参数。

{
  "args": {
    "age": "18", 
    "name": "lisi"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.20.0"
  }, 
  "origin": "61.140.125.81, 61.140.125.81", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?name=lisi&age=18"
}

Json数据

在requests中 requests.json()等同于 json.loads(requests.text)

import requests
import json
url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
requests= requests.get(url)
print(type(requests.text))
print(requests.json())
print(json.loads(requests.text))
print(type(requests.json()))

结果：
python3爬虫(五)--requests库的基本使用

获取二进制数据

在上面提到了response.content，这样获取的数据是二进制数据，同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及视频资源

添加header

在讲urlib时有说过为什么要添加header，现在来看看，requests中如何添加header

以知乎为例：

import requests
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com'
r = requests.get(url)
print(r.text)

结果：可以看到400的提示，不添加header连接知乎的登陆界面也抓不下来

<html>
<head><title>400 Bad Request</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></center>
<hr><center>openresty</center>
</body>
</html>

如果想访问就必须得加headers信息。

import requests
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36'
}
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com'
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
print(r.text)

结果：

<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh" data-hairline="true" data-theme="light"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title data-react-helmet="true">知乎 - 有问题，上知乎</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta name="renderer" content="webkit"/><meta name="force-rendering" content="webkit"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="FTeR0c8arOPKh8c5DYh_9uu98_zJbaWw53J-Sch9MTg"/><meta name="description" property="og:description" content="有问题，上知乎。知乎，可信赖的问答社区，以让每个人高效获得可信赖的解答为使命。知乎凭借认真、专业和友善的社区氛围，结构化、易获得的优质内容，基于问答的内容生产方式和独特的社区机制，吸引、聚集了各行各业中大量的亲历者、内行人、领域专家、领域爱好者，将高质量的内容透过人的节点来成规模地生产和分享。用户通过问答等交流方式建立信任和连接，打造和提升个人影响力，并发现、获得新机会。"/><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/favicon.ico"/><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/search.xml" title="知乎"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.zhimg.com"/><link 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src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/vendor.5a9436bdf379e6d36200.js"></script><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.app.e1aabdef8b6c9debdabb.js"></script><script></script></body></html>

可以看到很轻松就讲知乎的页面给抓下来了。

基本post请求

通过post把数据提交到url地址，等同于一字典的形式提交form表单里面的数据

import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
data = {
    'name': 'zhangsan',
    'age': '20'
}
r = requests.post(url,data=data)
print(r.text)

结果：

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "age": "20", 
    "name": "zhangsan"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "20", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.20.0"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "61.140.125.81, 61.140.125.81", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}

响应：

import requests

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
# 打印请求页面的状态（状态码）
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
# 打印请求网址的headers所有信息
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
# 打印请求网址的cookies信息
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
# 打印请求网址的地址
print(type(response.url), response.url)
# 打印请求的历史记录（以列表的形式显示）
print(type(response.history), response.history)

结果：

<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Wed, 05 Jun 2019 16:05:13 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:57 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
<class 'str'> http://www.baidu.com/
<class 'list'> []

结语

requests的基本操作就时以上这些，相比urllib要方便很多，下一篇就说一些，高级操作咯。

文件上传
获取cookie
会话维持
证书验证
代理设置
等。

上一篇： Requests库基本使用

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