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linux内核数据包的接收

程序员文章站 2024-03-18 08:50:10
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章节1
一、从网卡说起
这并非是一个网卡驱动分析的专门文档,只是对网卡处理数据包的流程进行一个重点的分析。这里以Intel的e100驱动为例进行分析。
大多数网卡都是一个PCI设备,PCI设备都包含了一个标准的配置寄存器,寄存器中,包含了PCI设备的厂商ID、设备ID等等信息,驱动
程序使用来描述这些寄存器的标识符。如下:
struct pci_device_id {
__u32 vendor, device;
__u32 subvendor, subdevice;
_u32 class, class_mask;
kernel_ulong_t driver
#;
};

这样,在驱动程序中,常常就可以看到定义一个struct pci_device_id 类型的数组,告诉内核支持不同类型的
PCI设备的列表,以e100驱动为例

#define INTEL_8255X_ETHERNET_DEVICE(device_id, ich) {\
PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL, device_id, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, \
PCI_CLASS_NETWORK_ETHERNET << 8, 0xFFFF00, ich }

static struct pci_device_id e100_id_table[] = {
INTEL_8255X_ETHERNET_DEVICE(0x1029, 0),
INTEL_8255X_ETHERNET_DEVICE(0x1030, 0),
INTEL_8255X_ETHERNET_DEVICE(0x1031, 3),
……
{ 0, }
};

在内核中,一个PCI设备,使用struct pci_driver结构来描述
struct pci_driver {
struct list_head node;
char *name;
struct module *owner;
const struct pci_device_id *id_table;
int (*probe) (struct pci_dev *dev, const struct pci_device_id *id);
void (*remove) (struct pci_dev *dev);
int (*suspend) (struct pci_dev *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume) (struct pci_dev *dev);
int (*enable_wake) (struct pci_dev *dev, pci_power_t state, int enable);
void (*shutdown) (struct pci_dev *dev);

    struct device_driver        driver;  
    struct pci_dynids dynids;  

};
因为在系统引导的时候,PCI设备已经被识别,当内核发现一个已经检测到的设备同驱动注册的id_table中的信息相匹配时,
它就会触发驱动的probe函数,以e100为例:
static struct pci_driver e100_driver = {
.name = DRV_NAME,
.id_table = e100_id_table,
.probe = e100_probe,
.remove = __devexit_p(e100_remove),
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
.suspend = e100_suspend,
.resume = e100_resume,
#endif

    .driver = {  
            .shutdown = e100_shutdown,  
    }  

};
这样,如果系统检测到有与id_table中对应的设备时,就调用驱动的probe函数。

驱动设备在init函数中,调用pci_module_init函数初始化PCI设备e100_driver:
static int __init e100_init_module(void)
{
if(((1 << debug) - 1) & NETIF_MSG_DRV) {
printk(KERN_INFO PFX “%s, %s\n”, DRV_DESCRIPTION, DRV_VERSION);
printk(KERN_INFO PFX “%s\n”, DRV_COPYRIGHT);
}
return pci_module_init(&e100_driver);
}
一切顺利的话,注册的e100_probe函数将被内核调用,这个函数完成两个重要的工作:
1、分配/初始化/注册网络设备;
2、完成PCI设备的I/O区域的分配和映射,以及完成硬件的其它初始化工作;

网络设备使用structnet_device结构来描述,这个结构非常之大,许多重要的参考书籍对它都有较为深入的描述,可以参考《Linux设备驱动程序》中网卡驱动设计的相关章节。会在后面的内容中,对其重要的成员进行注释;

当probe函数被调用,证明已经发现了我们所支持的网卡,这样,就可以调用register_netdev函数向内核注册网络设备了,注册之前,一般会调用alloc_etherdev为以太网分析一个net_device,然后初始化它的重要成员。

除了向内核注册网络设备之外,探测函数另一项重要的工作就是需要对硬件进行初始化,比如,要访问其I/O区域,需要为I/O区域分配内存区域,然后进行映射,这一步一般的流程是:
1、request_mem_region()
2、ioremap()

对于一般的PCI设备而言,可以调用:
1、pci_request_regions()
2、ioremap()

pci_request_regions函数对PCI的6个寄存器都会调用资源分配函数进行申请(需要判断是I/O端口还是I/O内存),例如:

int pci_request_regions(struct pci_dev *pdev, char *res_name)
{
int i;

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)  
            if(pci_request_region(pdev, i, res_name))  
                    goto err_out;  
    return 0;  


int pci_request_region(struct pci_dev *pdev, int bar, char *res_name)
{
if (pci_resource_len(pdev, bar) == 0)
return 0;

    if (pci_resource_flags(pdev, bar) & IORESOURCE_IO) {  
            if (!request_region(pci_resource_start(pdev, bar),  
                        pci_resource_len(pdev, bar), res_name))  
                    goto err_out;  
    }  
    else if (pci_resource_flags(pdev, bar) & IORESOURCE_MEM) {  
            if (!request_mem_region(pci_resource_start(pdev, bar),  
                                    pci_resource_len(pdev, bar), res_name))  
                    goto err_out;  
    }  
     
    return 0;  
    }

有了这些基础,我们来看设备的探测函数
static int __devinit e100_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev,
const struct pci_device_id *ent)
{
struct net_device *netdev;
struct nic *nic;
int err;

    if(!(netdev = alloc_etherdev(sizeof(struct nic)))) {  
            if(((1 << debug) - 1) & NETIF_MSG_PROBE)  
                    printk(KERN_ERR PFX "Etherdev alloc failed, abort.\n");  
            return -ENOMEM;  
    }  

     
    netdev->open = e100_open;  
    netdev->stop = e100_close;  
    netdev->hard_start_xmit = e100_xmit_frame;  
    netdev->get_stats = e100_get_stats;  
    netdev->set_multicast_list = e100_set_multicast_list;  
    netdev->set_mac_address = e100_set_mac_address;  
    netdev->change_mtu = e100_change_mtu;  
    netdev->do_ioctl = e100_do_ioctl;  
    SET_ETHTOOL_OPS(netdev, &e100_ethtool_ops);  
    netdev->tx_timeout = e100_tx_timeout;  
    netdev->watchdog_timeo = E100_WATCHDOG_PERIOD;  
    netdev->poll = e100_poll;  
    netdev->weight = E100_NAPI_WEIGHT;  

#ifdef CONFIG_NET_POLL_CONTROLLER
netdev->poll_controller = e100_netpoll;
#endif

    strcpy(netdev->name, pci_name(pdev));  

     
    nic = netdev_priv(netdev);  
     
    nic->netdev = netdev;  
     
    nic->pdev = pdev;  
    nic->msg_enable = (1 << debug) - 1;  
     
     
    pci_set_drv#(pdev, netdev);  

     
    if((err = pci_enable_device(pdev))) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot enable PCI device, aborting.\n");  
            goto err_out_free_dev;  
    }  

     
    if(!(pci_resource_flags(pdev, 0) & IORESOURCE_MEM)) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot find proper PCI device "  
                    "base address, aborting.\n");  
            err = -ENODEV;  
            goto err_out_disable_pdev;  
    }  

     
    if((err = pci_request_regions(pdev, DRV_NAME))) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot obtain PCI resources, aborting.\n");  
            goto err_out_disable_pdev;  
    }  

     
    if((err = pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0xFFFFFFFFULL))) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "No usable DMA configuration, aborting.\n");  
            goto err_out_free_res;  
    }  

    SET_MODULE_OWNER(netdev);  
    SET_NETDEV_DEV(netdev, &pdev->dev);  

     
    nic->csr = ioremap(pci_resource_start(pdev, 0), sizeof(struct csr));  
    if(!nic->csr) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot map device registers, aborting.\n");  
            err = -ENOMEM;  
            goto err_out_free_res;  
    }  

    if(ent->driver_#)  
            nic->flags |= ich;  
    else  
            nic->flags &= ~ich;  

     
    e100_get_defaults(nic);  

     
    spin_lock_init(&nic->cb_lock);  
    spin_lock_init(&nic->cmd_lock);  

     
    e100_hw_reset(nic);  

     
    pci_set_master(pdev);  

     
    init_timer(&nic->watchdog);  
    nic->watchdog.function = e100_watchdog;  
    nic->watchdog.# = (unsigned long)nic;  
    init_timer(&nic->blink_timer);  
    nic->blink_timer.function = e100_blink_led;  
    nic->blink_timer.# = (unsigned long)nic;  

    INIT_WORK(&nic->tx_timeout_task,  
            (void (*)(void *))e100_tx_timeout_task, netdev);  

    if((err = e100_alloc(nic))) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot alloc driver memory, aborting.\n");  
            goto err_out_iounmap;  
    }  

     
    e100_phy_init(nic);  

    if((err = e100_eeprom_load(nic)))  
            goto err_out_free;  

    memcpy(netdev->dev_addr, nic->eeprom, ETH_ALEN);  
    if(!is_valid_ether_addr(netdev->dev_addr)) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Invalid MAC address from "  
                    "EEPROM, aborting.\n");  
            err = -EAGAIN;  
            goto err_out_free;  
    }  

     
    if((nic->mac >= mac_82558_D101_A4) &&  
       (nic->eeprom[eeprom_id] & eeprom_id_wol))  
            nic->flags |= wol_magic;  

     
    pci_enable_wake(pdev, 0, 0);  

     
    strcpy(netdev->name, "eth%d");  
    if((err = register_netdev(netdev))) {  
            DPRINTK(PROBE, ERR, "Cannot register net device, aborting.\n");  
            goto err_out_free;  
    }  

    DPRINTK(PROBE, INFO, "addr 0x%lx, irq %d, "  
            "MAC addr %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X\n",  
            pci_resource_start(pdev, 0), pdev->irq,  
            netdev->dev_addr[0], netdev->dev_addr[1], netdev->dev_addr[2],  
            netdev->dev_addr[3], netdev->dev_addr[4], netdev->dev_addr[5]);  

    return 0;  

err_out_free:
e100_free(nic);
err_out_iounmap:
iounmap(nic->csr);
err_out_free_res:
pci_release_regions(pdev);
err_out_disable_pdev:
pci_disable_device(pdev);
err_out_free_dev:
pci_set_drv#(pdev, NULL);
free_netdev(netdev);
return err;
}
执行到这里,探测函数的使命就完成了,在对网络设备重要成员初始化时,有:
netdev->open = e100_open;
指定了设备的open函数为e100_open,这样,当第一次使用设备,比如使用ifconfig工具的时候,open函数将被调用。
二、打开设备

在探测函数中,设置了netdev->open = e100_open;指定了设备的open函数为e100_open:
static int e100_open(struct net_device *netdev)
{
struct nic *nic = netdev_priv(netdev);
int err = 0;

    netif_carrier_off(netdev);  
    if((err = e100_up(nic)))  
            DPRINTK(IFUP, ERR, "Cannot open interface, aborting.\n");  
    return err;  

}

大多数涉及物理设备可以感知信号载波(carrier)的存在,载波的存在意味着设备可以工作
据个例子来讲:当一个用户拔掉了网线,也就意味着信号载波的消失。
netif_carrier_off:关闭载波信号;
netif_carrier_on:打开载波信号;
netif_carrier_ok:检测载波信号;对于探测网卡网线是否连接,这一组函数被使用得较多;

接着,调用e100_up函数启动网卡,这个“启动”的过程,最重要的步骤有:
1、调用request_irq向内核注册中断;
2、调用netif_wake_queue函数来重新启动传输队例;
static int e100_up(struct nic *nic)
{
int err;

    if((err = e100_rx_alloc_list(nic)))  
            return err;  
    if((err = e100_alloc_cbs(nic)))  
            goto err_rx_clean_list;  
    if((err = e100_hw_init(nic)))  
            goto err_clean_cbs;  
    e100_set_multicast_list(nic->netdev);  
    e100_start_receiver(nic, 0);  
    mod_timer(&nic->watchdog, jiffies);  
    if((err = request_irq(nic->pdev->irq, e100_intr, SA_SHIRQ,  
            nic->netdev->name, nic->netdev)))  
            goto err_no_irq;  
    netif_wake_queue(nic->netdev);  
    netif_poll_enable(nic->netdev);  
     
    e100_enable_irq(nic);  
    return 0;  

err_no_irq:
del_timer_sync(&nic->watchdog);
err_clean_cbs:
e100_clean_cbs(nic);
err_rx_clean_list:
e100_rx_clean_list(nic);
return err;

}

这样,中断函数e100_intr将被调用三、网卡中断

从本质上来讲,中断,是一种电信号,当设备有某种事件发生的时候,它就会产生中断,通过总线把电信号发送给中断控制器,如果中断的线是**的,中断控制器就把电信号发送给处理器的某个特定引脚。处理器于是立即停止自己正在做的事,跳到内存中内核设置的中断处理程序的入口点,进行中断处理。
在内核中断处理中,会检测中断与我们刚才注册的中断号匹配,于是,注册的中断处理函数就被调用了。

当需要发/收数据,出现错误,连接状态变化等,网卡的中断信号会被触发。当接收到中断后,中断函数读取中断状态位,进行合法性判断,如判断中断信号是否是自己的等,然后,应答设备中断——OK,我已经知道了,你回去继续工作吧……
接着,它就屏蔽此中断,然后netif_rx_schedule函数接收,接收函数会在未来某一时刻调用设备的poll函数(对这里而言,注册的是e100_poll)实现设备的轮询

static irqreturn_t e100_intr(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
struct net_device *netdev = dev_id;
struct nic *nic = netdev_priv(netdev);
u8 stat_ack = readb(&nic->csr->scb.stat_ack);

    DPRINTK(INTR, DEBUG, "stat_ack = 0x%02X\n", stat_ack);  

    if(stat_ack == stat_ack_not_ours ||         
       stat_ack == stat_ack_not_present)         
            return IRQ_NONE;  

     
    writeb(stat_ack, &nic->csr->scb.stat_ack);  

     
    if(stat_ack & stat_ack_rnr)  
            nic->ru_running = RU_SUSPENDED;  

    e100_disable_irq(nic);  
    netif_rx_schedule(netdev);  

    return IRQ_HANDLED;  

}

对于数据包的接收而言,我们关注的是poll函数中,调用e100_rx_clean进行数据的接收
static int e100_poll(struct net_device *netdev, int *budget)
{
struct nic *nic = netdev_priv(netdev);

    unsigned int work_to_do = min(netdev->quota, *budget);  
    unsigned int work_done = 0;  
    int tx_cleaned;  

                    
    e100_rx_clean(nic, &work_done, work_to_do);  
    tx_cleaned = e100_tx_clean(nic);  

       
     
    if((!tx_cleaned && (work_done == 0)) || !netif_running(netdev)) {  
            netif_rx_complete(netdev);  
            e100_enable_irq(nic);  
            return 0;  
    }  

    *budget -= work_done;  
    netdev->quota -= work_done;  

    return 1;  

}

static inline void e100_rx_clean(struct nic *nic, unsigned int *work_done,
unsigned int work_to_do)
{
struct rx *rx;
int restart_required = 0;
struct rx *rx_to_start = NULL;

    if(RU_SUSPENDED == nic->ru_running)  
            restart_required = 1;  

     
    for(rx = nic->rx_to_clean; rx->skb; rx = nic->rx_to_clean = rx->next) {  
            int err = e100_rx_indicate(nic, rx, work_done, work_to_do);  
            if(-EAGAIN == err) {  
                     
                    restart_required = 0;  
                    break;  
            } else if(-ENO# == err)  
                    break;  
    }  

     
    if(restart_required)  
            rx_to_start = nic->rx_to_clean;  

     
    for(rx = nic->rx_to_use; !rx->skb; rx = nic->rx_to_use = rx->next) {  
            if(unlikely(e100_rx_alloc_skb(nic, rx)))  
                    break;  
    }  

    if(restart_required) {  
            // ack the rnr?  
            writeb(stat_ack_rnr, &nic->csr->scb.stat_ack);  
            e100_start_receiver(nic, rx_to_start);  
            if(work_done)  
                    (*work_done)++;  
    }  

}