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Nmap源码分析(基本框架)

程序员文章站 2024-03-17 20:18:10
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1 文件组织

我们先从总体上了解Nmap的文件组织方式及分析源码需要关注的重点。

 

1.1 目录结构

解压Nmap的源码包后,可以看到根目录下有许多的子目录和文件。

1.1.1 文件分析

放在Nmap/根目录下包括几种类型文件:

(1)Nmap核心功能的源码(如nmap.cc/ scan_engine.cc/ service_scan.cc/osscan2.cc/ nse_main.lua等)。

(2)Nmap的核心数据库文件(nmap-os-db/ nmap-service-probes/ nmap-rpc/nmap-protocols等)。

(3)编译链接相关的Makefile或CONFIG文件。

(4)其他杂项文件(如安装提示:README-WIN32)

1.1.2目录分析

使用Windows的tree命令列举出Nmap的目录结构。

为了避免目录树过长,这里只显示了3个级别的目录,目录的主要作用在名字后面简略说明。

可以看到Nmap工具也使用到很多其他开源项目的成果,例如libdnet/ liblinear/ liblua/libpcap/ libpcre等;另外Nmap自身也实现很多有用的程序库,如nsock/ libnetutil/;Nmap项目包括附带几个小工具:1)ncat,这是根据TCPIP协议栈瑞士军刀netcat(该工具已停止维护更新)开发扩展出来的工具。2)nping,类似于Hping的工具,用于进行主机探测和发包收包。3)ndiff,用于比较两次nmap扫描结果之间差异。

Nmap/  
├─docs(Nmap相关文档,包括License、usage说明及XMLschema文件等)  
│  ├─licenses     
│  └─man-xlate  
├─libdnet-stripped(libdnet:简单的网络接口开源库)  
│  ├─config  
│  ├─include  
│  └─src  
├─liblinear(LIBLINEAR:负责大型线性分类的开源库)  
│  └─blas  
├─liblua(Lua脚本语言源码库)  
├─libnetutil(Nmap实现的基本的网络实用函数)  
├─libpcap(开源的抓包代码库libpcap)  
│  ├─bpf  
│  ├─ChmodBPF  
│  ├─lbl  
│  ├─missing  
│  ├─msdos  
│  ├─NMAP_MODIFICATIONS  
│  ├─packaging  
│  ├─pcap  
│  ├─SUNOS4  
│  ├─tests  
│  └─Win32  
├─libpcre(Perl兼容的正则表达式开源库libpcre)  
├─macosx(该目录负责支持苹果的操作系统MACOS X)  
│  └─nmap.pmdoc  
├─mswin32(该目录负责支持Windows操作系统)  
│  ├─lib  
│  ├─license-format  
│  ├─NET  
│  ├─NETINET  
│  ├─nsis  
│  ├─OpenSSL  
│  ├─pcap-include  
│  ├─RPC  
│  └─winpcap  
├─nbase(Nmap封装的基础使用程序库,包括string/path/random等)  
├─ncat(Ncat是Nmap项目组实现的新版的netcat:强大的网络工具)  
│  ├─certs  
│  ├─docs  
│  └─test  
├─ndiff(Ndiff是用于比较Nmap扫描结果的实用命令)  
│  ├─docs  
│  └─test-scans  
├─nmap-update(负责Nmap更新相关操作)  
├─nping(Nping是Nmap项目组实现的新版的Hping:网络探测与构建packet)  
│  └─docs  
├─nselib(Nmap使用Lua语言编写的常用的脚本库)  
│  └─data  
├─nsock(Nmap实现的并行的SocketEvent处理库)  
│  ├─include  
│  └─src  
├─scripts(Nmap提供常用的扫描检查的lua脚本)  
├─todo(介绍Nmap项目将来开发的具体任务)  
└─zenmap(Nmap的官方的图形界面程序,由python语言编写)  
   ├─install_scripts  
   ├─radialnet  
   ├─share  
   ├─test  
   ├─zenmapCore  
   └─zenmapGUI  

1.2文件类型

下面从源码类型的角度上浏览一下Nmap项目的特点:

Nmap6.0工程内总共包括1300多个文件。

(1)C和C++文件有600多个,主要实现Nmap最核心的功能:主机发现、端口扫描、服务侦测、OS侦测及搭建脚本引擎框架;也包括其他开源项目如libpcap的源码。

(2)Python文件有100多个,主要实现Zenmap图形界面,Zenmap会调用到Nmap基本命令,也实现一些新的功能:例如确定网络拓扑结构、Profile的管理(常用的命令保存为Profile)等。

(3)Lua与NSE文件400多个,负责构建Nmap脚本引擎及提供常用的扫描脚本。其中NSE格式为Nmap定制的Lua文件,方便用户自行编写脚本进行功能扩展。

(4)XML文件数十个,用于辅助描述Nmap的内容或Zenmap的测试等工作。

(5)其他文件,其他辅助工具操作的文件。

 

2 源码分析

2.1执行流程框架

Nmap的执行流程简单清晰,主要的工作在nmap.cc文件中完成,而main.cc负责简单地包装nmap_main()函数。

nmap_main()函数是执行流程的核心。

(1)准备阶段:在其中会执行参数解析、资源分配、基本扫描信息的输出、端口与地址列表的初始化、NSE环境准备及pre-scripts的运行等基本的准备操作。

(2)工作阶段:然后进入主循环,每次循环对一组目标地址进行主机发现、端口扫描、服务与版本侦测、OS侦测及脚本扫描等操作,直到所有的目标地址都被扫描完毕才推出主循环。

(3)善后阶段:在完成所有的扫描操作后,调用post-script完成相应处理,然后打印出扫描的最终结果,并释放掉分配的资源。

Nmap源码分析(基本框架)

 

2.2 nmap_main()函数

以下代码是对nmap_main()函数基本的分析。

其中以///开头是新添加的注释。而以类似于///<Start------创建主机组状态,进入主循环--------Start>的形式出现的注释用于标注一个比较大的功能代码段。

Nmap的所有的功能都在此nmap_main()设有入口,以此为基础可以更深入地分析Nmap的其他模块。

int nmap_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int i;
  vector<Target *> Targets;
  time_t now;
  struct hostent *target = NULL;
  time_t timep;
  char mytime[128];
  addrset exclude_group;
  #ifndef NOLUA
  /* Only NSE scripts can add targets */
  NewTargets *new_targets = NULL;///NewTargets为Singleton模式,产生单个实例
  /* Pre-Scan and Post-Scan script results datastructure */
  ScriptResults *script_scan_results = NULL;
  #endif
  char **host_exp_group;  
  int num_host_exp_groups;
  HostGroupState *hstate = NULL;
  unsigned int ideal_scan_group_sz = 0;
  Target *currenths;
  char *host_spec = NULL;
  char myname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN + 1];
  int sourceaddrwarning = 0; /* Have we warned them yet about unguessable
                                source addresses? */
  unsigned int targetno;
  char hostname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN + 1] = "";
  struct sockaddr_storage ss;
  size_t sslen;
  char **fakeargv = NULL;
 
  now = time(NULL);
  local_time = localtime(&now);
  ///设置错误log输出函数
  if(o.debugging)
    nbase_set_log(fatal,error);
  else
    nbase_set_log(fatal,NULL);
 
  if (argc < 2 ) printusage(-1);
 
  /* argv faking silliness */
  fakeargv = (char **) safe_malloc(sizeof(char *) * (argc + 1));
  for(i=0; i < argc; i++) {
    fakeargv[i] = strdup(argv[i]);
  }
  fakeargv[argc] = NULL;
 
  Targets.reserve(100);
#ifdef WIN32
  win_pre_init();
#endif
///调用parse_options进行命令参数的解析
  parse_options(argc, fakeargv);    
///在Linux下设置终端为只读非阻塞方式,在Windows平台为空函数。
  tty_init(); // Put the keyboard in raw mode
///将解析命令时需要延迟执行的操作在此处处理
  apply_delayed_options();
 
#ifdef WIN32
///调用WSAStartup启动Winsock DLL,后续网络解析等需要用到。
  win_init();    
#endif
 
///如果用户使用了参数--iflist,那么会在此处打印网卡和路由表信息,然后退出。
///该选项对于显示指定发送网卡非常有帮助,可以提供基本的网络设备信息。
  if (delayed_options.iflist) {
    print_iflist();
    exit(0);
  }
 
///quashargv部分用于修改命令行参数,将程序名字更改为FAKE_ARGV(默认为“pine”),
///并将剩余的各个参数都清空。
///在命令中加入-q可实现quashargv功能。这最初是为了逃避ps等程序名称显示,便于隐蔽Nmap。
///不过在Windows系统上并无实效。
  /* more fakeargv junk, BTW malloc'ing extra space in argv[0] doesn't work */
  if (o.quashargv) {
    size_t fakeargvlen = strlen(FAKE_ARGV), argvlen = strlen(argv[0]);
    if (argvlen < fakeargvlen)
      fatal("If you want me to fake your argv, you need to call the program with a longer name.  Try the full pathname, or rename it fyodorssuperdedouperportscanner");
    strncpy(argv[0], FAKE_ARGV, fakeargvlen);
    memset(&argv[0][fakeargvlen], '\0', strlen(&argv[0][fakeargvlen]));
    for(i=1; i < argc; i++)
      memset(argv[i], '\0', strlen(argv[i]));
  }
///如果使用FTP bounce scan的扫描方式,那么需要首先保证该FTP网站是可以访问到的。
///关于FTP bounce scan更多介绍,请参考:http://nmap.org/nmap_doc.html#bounce
  /* If he wants to bounce off of an FTP site, that site better damn well be reachable! */
  if (o.bouncescan) {
    if (!inet_pton(AF_INET, ftp.server_name, &ftp.server)) {
      if ((target = gethostbyname(ftp.server_name)))
        memcpy(&ftp.server, target->h_addr_list[0], 4);
      else {
        fatal("Failed to resolve FTP bounce proxy hostname/IP: %s",
              ftp.server_name);
      }
    } else if (o.verbose) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Resolved FTP bounce attack proxy to %s (%s).\n",
                ftp.server_name, inet_ntoa(ftp.server));
    }
  }
///<Start--------------扫描信息输出-----------------Start>  
  fflush(stdout);
  fflush(stderr);
 
  timep = time(NULL);
///准备将基本的扫描输出到文件与控制台中
  /* Brief info in case they forget what was scanned */
  Strncpy(mytime, ctime(&timep), sizeof(mytime));
  chomp(mytime);  ///去掉字符串末尾换行符
  char *xslfname = o.XSLStyleSheet();///XML样式表
  xml_start_document();
  if (xslfname) {
    xml_open_pi("xml-stylesheet");
    xml_attribute("href", "%s", xslfname);
    xml_attribute("type", "text/xsl");
    xml_close_pi();
    xml_newline();
  }
 
  std::string command;
  if (argc > 0)
    command += fakeargv[0];
  for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
    command += " ";
    command += fakeargv[i];
  }
 
  xml_start_comment();
  xml_write_escaped(" %s %s scan initiated %s as: %s ", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime, join_quoted(fakeargv, argc).c_str());
  xml_end_comment();
  xml_newline();
 
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL|LOG_MACHINE, "# ");
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL|LOG_MACHINE, "%s %s scan initiated %s as: ", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime);
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL|LOG_MACHINE, "%s", command.c_str());
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL|LOG_MACHINE, "\n");
 
  xml_open_start_tag("nmaprun");
  xml_attribute("scanner", "nmap");
  xml_attribute("args", "%s", join_quoted(fakeargv, argc).c_str());
  xml_attribute("start", "%lu", (unsigned long) timep);
  xml_attribute("startstr", "%s", mytime);
  xml_attribute("version", "%s", NMAP_VERSION);
  xml_attribute("xmloutputversion", NMAP_XMLOUTPUTVERSION);
  xml_close_start_tag();
  xml_newline();
 
  output_xml_scaninfo_records(&ports);
 
  xml_open_start_tag("verbose");
  xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.verbose);
  xml_close_empty_tag();
  xml_newline();
  xml_open_start_tag("debugging");
  xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.debugging);
  xml_close_empty_tag();
  xml_newline();
 
  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, lets output them to machine
     parseable output */
  if (o.verbose) ///输出机器可以解析端口信息(grepable格式)
    output_ports_to_machine_parseable_output(&ports);
 
#if defined(HAVE_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGPIPE)
  ///注册信号处理函数,这里只是直接忽略SIGPIPE信号。其具体实现为#define SIG_IGN		(void (*)(int))1
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGPIPE so our program doesn't crash because
                               of it, but we really shouldn't get an unexpected
                               SIGPIPE */
#endif
  ///检查配置的最大并发度是否在系统最大的套接字数量范围之内
  if (o.max_parallelism && (i = max_sd()) && i < o.max_parallelism) {
    error("WARNING:  Your specified max_parallel_sockets of %d, but your system says it might only give us %d.  Trying anyway", o.max_parallelism, i);
  }
 
  if (o.debugging > 1) log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "The max # of sockets we are using is: %d\n", o.max_parallelism);
 
  // At this point we should fully know our timing parameters
  if (o.debugging) {
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "--------------- Timing report ---------------\n");
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  hostgroups: min %d, max %d\n", o.minHostGroupSz(), o.maxHostGroupSz());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  rtt-timeouts: init %d, min %d, max %d\n", o.initialRttTimeout(), o.minRttTimeout(), o.maxRttTimeout());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-scan-delay: TCP %d, UDP %d, SCTP %d\n", o.maxTCPScanDelay(), o.maxUDPScanDelay(), o.maxSCTPScanDelay());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  parallelism: min %d, max %d\n", o.min_parallelism, o.max_parallelism);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-retries: %d, host-timeout: %ld\n", o.getMaxRetransmissions(), o.host_timeout);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  min-rate: %g, max-rate: %g\n", o.min_packet_send_rate, o.max_packet_send_rate);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "---------------------------------------------\n");
  }
///<End--------------扫描信息输出-----------------End>
 
///<Start-------------端口与地址初始化-------------Start>
  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, we must initialize PortList class. */
  if (o.ipprotscan)
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_IP,  ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  if (o.TCPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_TCP, ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
  if (o.UDPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_UDP, ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
  if (o.SCTPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_SCTP, ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);
 
  if (o.randomize_ports) {
    if (ports.tcp_count) {
      ///将端口进行随机打乱操作
      shortfry(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
      // move a few more common ports closer to the beginning to speed scan
      ///将常见的端口移动到前面,以便最快地发现有效的端口
      random_port_cheat(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
    }
    if (ports.udp_count)
      shortfry(ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
    if (ports.sctp_count)
      shortfry(ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);
    if (ports.prot_count)
      shortfry(ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  }
  ///exclude_group记录的是排除地址,如命令行nmap 192.168.1.1/24 --exclude 192.168.1.0-10
  ///扫描C类地址192.168.1.x,并排除其中192.168.1.0-192.168.1.10地址。
  ///addrset_init()将初始化排除地址组的链表头指针为NULL。
  addrset_init(&exclude_group);
 
  /* lets load our exclude list */
  if (o.excludefd != NULL) {///文件指定的排除地址
    load_exclude_file(&exclude_group, o.excludefd);
    fclose(o.excludefd);
  }
  if (o.exclude_spec != NULL) {///命令行直接指定的排除地址
    load_exclude_string(&exclude_group, o.exclude_spec);
  }
 
  if (o.debugging > 3)  ///若调试级别大于3,打印出排除地址信息
    dumpExclude(&exclude_group);
///<End-------------端口与地址初始化-------------End>
 
 
///<Start------NSE环境准备并执行pre-scripts--------Start>
#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.scriptupdatedb) {
    o.max_ips_to_scan = o.numhosts_scanned; // disable warnings?
  }
  if (o.servicescan)  ///当配置了版本扫描时,会默认启动版本扫描脚本,位于NSE中version类别中
    o.scriptversion = 1;
  if (o.scriptversion || o.script || o.scriptupdatedb)
    open_nse();  ///开启NSE环境
 
  /* Run the script pre-scanning phase */
  if (o.script) {
    new_targets = NewTargets::get();  ///分配实例或返回已有实例(Singleton模式)
    script_scan_results = get_script_scan_results_obj();
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    script_scan_results->clear();
  }
#endif
///<End------NSE环境准备并执行pre-scripts--------End>
 
 
///<Start------创建主机组状态,进入主循环--------Start>
  /* Time to create a hostgroup state object filled with all the requested
     machines. The list is initially empty. It is refilled inside the loop
     whenever it is empty. */
  ///分配字符串数组,用以保存各个主机表达式字符串的地址
  host_exp_group = (char **) safe_malloc(o.ping_group_sz * sizeof(char *));
  num_host_exp_groups = 0;
 
  hstate = new HostGroupState(o.ping_group_sz, o.randomize_hosts,
                  host_exp_group, num_host_exp_groups);
 
  do {
    ///确定最佳的host group的大小,该大小取决于扫描方式与网络速度。
    ideal_scan_group_sz = determineScanGroupSize(o.numhosts_scanned, &ports);
	///<Start---------对host group进行主机发现----------Start>
    ///以下的while()将依次进行主机发现,确定主机是否在线。
    ///若该主机在线加入该host group,用于后续的操作。当数量达到最佳大小时,退出循环。
    while(Targets.size() < ideal_scan_group_sz) {
      o.current_scantype = HOST_DISCOVERY;  ///设置扫描状态:HOST_DICOVERY
      currenths = nexthost(hstate, &exclude_group, &ports, o.pingtype); ///主机发现的核心函数
      ///如果当前主机发现无法找到有效主机,那么会做以下尝试:
      ///1)更换主机表达式(host expressions)
      ///例如:nmap 192.168.1.1/24 10.10.30.55-100,192.168.1.x不能再发现主机时候,切换为10.30.55-100
      ///2)将执行脚本扫描时发现的主机,加入主机表达式组host_exp_group
      ///3) 建立新的主机组状态,并做最后的主机发现尝试
      if (!currenths) {
        /* Try to refill with any remaining expressions */
        /* First free the old ones */
        for(i=0; i < num_host_exp_groups; i++)
          free(host_exp_group[i]);
        num_host_exp_groups = 0;
        /* Now grab any new expressions */
        while(num_host_exp_groups < o.ping_group_sz && 
          (!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned + (int) Targets.size() + num_host_exp_groups) &&
          (host_spec = grab_next_host_spec(o.inputfd, o.generate_random_ips, argc, fakeargv))) {
            // For purposes of random scan
            host_exp_group[num_host_exp_groups++] = strdup(host_spec);
        }
#ifndef NOLUA
        /* Add the new NSE discovered targets to the scan queue */
        if (o.script) {
          if (new_targets != NULL) {
            while (new_targets->get_queued() > 0 && num_host_exp_groups < o.ping_group_sz) {
              std::string target_spec = new_targets->read();
              if (target_spec.length())
                host_exp_group[num_host_exp_groups++] = strdup(target_spec.c_str());
            }
 
            if (o.debugging > 3)
              log_write(LOG_PLAIN,
                  "New targets in the scanned cache: %ld, pending ones: %ld.\n",
                  new_targets->get_scanned(), new_targets->get_queued());
          }
        }
#endif
        if (num_host_exp_groups == 0)  ///当没有其他的主机表达式时,退出整个主机发现循环
          break;
        delete hstate;
        hstate = new HostGroupState(o.ping_group_sz, o.randomize_hosts,host_exp_group,
                        num_host_exp_groups);
      
        /* Try one last time -- with new expressions */
        currenths = nexthost(hstate, &exclude_group, &ports, o.pingtype);
        if (!currenths)
          break;
      }
    
      if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP && !o.listscan) 
        o.numhosts_up++;
    
      if ((o.noportscan && !o.traceroute
#ifndef NOLUA
      && !o.script
#endif
          ) || o.listscan) {
        ///当不进行端口扫描(-sn)并且没有指定traceroute和脚本的话,那么扫描就到此处就结束。
        ///或当进行列表扫描(-sL,只列举出主机IP,并不真正扫描)时,扫描也到此结束。		
        /* We're done with the hosts */
        if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP || o.verbose) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          printmacinfo(currenths);
          //  if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP)
          //  log_write(LOG_PLAIN,"\n");
          printtimes(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
          log_flush_all();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        continue;
      }
      ///若配置要伪造源IP地址(-S ip),将命令行中传入的地址写入当前主机源地址
      if (o.spoofsource) {
        o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen);
        currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
      }
      
      ///如果主机状态为HOST_DOWN,那么需要根据配置考虑是否输出其状态
      ///输出条件:verbose级别大于0,并且没有指定openonly或已确定有开放端口。
      ///疑问:如果有open Ports,为什么此主机状态会是HOST_DOWN呢?
      /* I used to check that !currenths->weird_responses, but in some
         rare cases, such IPs CAN be port successfully scanned and even
         connected to */
      if (!(currenths->flags & HOST_UP)) {
        if (o.verbose && (!o.openOnly() || currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        continue;
      }
      ///如果是RawScan(即涉及到构建原始的packet的扫描方式,如SYN/FIN/ARP等等),
      ///需要设置套接字源IP地址
      if (o.RawScan()) {
        if (currenths->SourceSockAddr(NULL, NULL) != 0) {
          if (o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen) == 0) {
		    ///若全局变量o中已有源IP地址,直接赋值给当前目标机
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
          } else {
		    ///否则,需要重新查询、解析主机来获取源地址
            if (gethostname(myname, MAXHOSTNAMELEN) ||
                resolve(myname, 0, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af()) == 0)
              fatal("Cannot get hostname!  Try using -S <my_IP_address> or -e <interface to scan through>\n"); 
        
            o.setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            if (! sourceaddrwarning) {
              error("WARNING:  We could not determine for sure which interface to use, so we are guessing %s .  If this is wrong, use -S <my_IP_address>.",
                  inet_socktop(&ss));
                sourceaddrwarning = 1;
            }
          }
        }
 
        if (!currenths->deviceName())///网卡名字,在主机发现函数nexthost()中设置
          fatal("Do not have appropriate device name for target");
        
        ///如果新发现的主机与该主机组类型不大相同,那么考虑将此主机放入新的主机组内。
        ///因为对主机分组是为了加快扫描速度,所以尽可能特征相似的主机组合在一起。
        ///流水线工作模式的扫描思想。
        /* Hosts in a group need to be somewhat homogeneous. Put this host in
           the next group if necessary. See target_needs_new_hostgroup for the
           details of when we need to split. */
        if (target_needs_new_hostgroup(Targets, currenths)) {
          returnhost(hstate);
          o.numhosts_up--;
          break;
        }
        ///设置IP诱骗时,将当前主机真实IP放入decoyturn位置。
        ///其他的诱骗IP地址在parse options时已经确定。
        o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = currenths->v4source();    
      }
      ///将新发现的主机加入Targets向量
      Targets.push_back(currenths);        
    }///一次分组的主机发现在此处结束,接下来执行端口扫描、服务侦测、OS侦测、脚本扫描等。
	///<End---------对host group进行主机发现----------End>
    
    if (Targets.size() == 0)///主机发现没有找到任何目标机时,退出主循环
      break; /* Couldn't find any more targets */
    
    // Set the variable for status printing
    o.numhosts_scanning = Targets.size();
    
    // Our source must be set in decoy list because nexthost() call can
    // change it (that issue really should be fixed when possible)
    if (o.af() == AF_INET && o.RawScan())
      o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = Targets[0]->v4source();
    
    /* I now have the group for scanning in the Targets vector */
 
    if (!o.noportscan) {
      ///<Start---------端口扫描----------Start>
      ///针对用户指定的不同扫描方式,分别使用不同参数调用ultra_scan()
      ///ultra_scan()设计精巧,用统一的接口处理大多数的端口扫描
      // Ultra_scan sets o.scantype for us so we don't have to worry
      if (o.synscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SYN_SCAN);
      
      if (o.ackscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, ACK_SCAN);
      
      if (o.windowscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, WINDOW_SCAN);
      
      if (o.finscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, FIN_SCAN);
      
      if (o.xmasscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, XMAS_SCAN);
      
      if (o.nullscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, NULL_SCAN);
      
      if (o.maimonscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, MAIMON_SCAN);
      
      if (o.udpscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, UDP_SCAN);
      
      if (o.connectscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, CONNECT_SCAN);
      
      if (o.sctpinitscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_INIT_SCAN);
      
      if (o.sctpcookieechoscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO_SCAN);
      
      if (o.ipprotscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, IPPROT_SCAN);
      
      /* These lame functions can only handle one target at a time */
      if (o.idlescan) {
        for(targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
           o.current_scantype = IDLE_SCAN;
           keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
           idle_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports,
                                  ports.tcp_count, o.idleProxy, &ports);
        }
      }
      if (o.bouncescan) {
        for(targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
           o.current_scantype = BOUNCE_SCAN;
           keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
          if (ftp.sd <= 0) ftp_anon_connect(&ftp);
          if (ftp.sd > 0) bounce_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports,
                                      ports.tcp_count, &ftp);
        }
      }
      ///<End---------端口扫描----------End>
      ///<Start------服务与版本扫描--------Start>
      if (o.servicescan) {
        o.current_scantype = SERVICE_SCAN; 
 
        service_scan(Targets);
      }
 
      if (o.servicescan) {
        /* This scantype must be after any TCP or UDP scans since it
         * get's it's port scan list from the open port list of the current
         * host rather than port list the user specified.
         */
        for(targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++)
          pos_scan(Targets[targetno], NULL, 0, RPC_SCAN);
      }
      ///<End------服务与版本扫描--------End>
    }
    ///操作系统扫描
    if (o.osscan){
      OSScan os_engine;
      os_engine.os_scan(Targets);
    }
    ///若需要路径追踪,在此处调用traceroute获取路径
    if (o.traceroute)
      traceroute(Targets);
    ///脚本扫描
#ifndef NOLUA
    if(o.script || o.scriptversion) {
      script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_SCAN);
    }
#endif
 
    ///<Start------输出扫描结果--------Start>
    for(targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
      currenths = Targets[targetno];
      /* Now I can do the output and such for each host */
      if (currenths->timedOut(NULL)) {
        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN,"Skipping host %s due to host timeout\n",
            currenths->NameIP(hostname, sizeof(hostname)));
        log_write(LOG_MACHINE,"Host: %s (%s)\tStatus: Timeout", 
            currenths->targetipstr(), currenths->HostName());
      } else {
        /* --open means don't show any hosts without open ports. */
        if (o.openOnly() && !currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())
          continue;
 
        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        printportoutput(currenths, ¤ths->ports);
        printmacinfo(currenths);
        printosscanoutput(currenths);
        printserviceinfooutput(currenths);
#ifndef NOLUA
        printhostscriptresults(currenths);
#endif
        if (o.traceroute)
          printtraceroute(currenths);
        printtimes(currenths);
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN|LOG_MACHINE,"\n");
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
      }
    }
    log_flush_all();
    ///<End------输出扫描结果--------End>
    o.numhosts_scanned += Targets.size();
  
    /* Free all of the Targets */
    while(!Targets.empty()) {
      currenths = Targets.back();
      delete currenths;
      Targets.pop_back();
    }
    o.numhosts_scanning = 0;
  } while(!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned);
  ///当指定的扫描数量没有达到已经扫描数量,继续循环
  ///<End------创建主机组状态,进入主循环--------End>
  
  ///执行post-script,释放分配的资源
#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.script) {   
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    script_scan_results->clear();
    delete new_targets;
    new_targets = NULL;
  }
#endif
 
  delete hstate;
  
  addrset_free(&exclude_group);
  hstate = NULL;
 
  /* Free host expressions */
  for(i=0; i < num_host_exp_groups; i++)
    free(host_exp_group[i]);
  num_host_exp_groups = 0;
  free(host_exp_group);
 
  if (o.inputfd != NULL)
    fclose(o.inputfd);
 
  printdatafilepaths();
 
  printfinaloutput();
 
  free_scan_lists(&ports);
 
  eth_close_cached();
 
  if (o.release_memory) {
    /* Free fake argv */
    for(i=0; i < argc; i++)
      free(fakeargv[i]);
    free(fakeargv);
 
    nmap_free_mem();
  }
  return 0;
}