详解Java的Hibernat框架中的Map映射与SortedMap映射
map映射
map映射是一个java集合存储在键 - 值对的元素,并且不允许在列表中重复的元素。 map接口提供三种collection视图,允许map内容看作是一组键-值集合,或者设置键 - 值映射关系。
map被映射到映射表中一个<map>元素和无序的地图可以在java.util.hashmap中被初始化。
定义rdbms表:
考虑一个情况,我们需要员工记录存储在employee表,将有以下结构:
create table employee ( id int not null auto_increment, first_name varchar(20) default null, last_name varchar(20) default null, salary int default null, primary key (id) );
此外,假设每个员工都可以有一个或多个与他/她相关的证书。我们将存储证书的相关信息在一个单独的表,该表具有以下结构:
create table certificate ( id int not null auto_increment, certificate_type varchar(40) default null, certificate_name varchar(30) default null, employee_id int default null, primary key (id) );
有一个对多(one-to-many )的关系在employee和证书对象之间。
定义pojo类:
让我们实现一个pojo类员工将被用于保存与employee表中的对象和有证书的列表变量的集合。
import java.util.*; public class employee { private int id; private string firstname; private string lastname; private int salary; private map certificates; public employee() {} public employee(string fname, string lname, int salary) { this.firstname = fname; this.lastname = lname; this.salary = salary; } public int getid() { return id; } public void setid( int id ) { this.id = id; } public string getfirstname() { return firstname; } public void setfirstname( string first_name ) { this.firstname = first_name; } public string getlastname() { return lastname; } public void setlastname( string last_name ) { this.lastname = last_name; } public int getsalary() { return salary; } public void setsalary( int salary ) { this.salary = salary; } public map getcertificates() { return certificates; } public void setcertificates( map certificates ) { this.certificates = certificates; } }
我们需要相应的证书表定义另一个pojo类,这样的证书对象可以存储和检索到的证书表。
public class certificate{ private int id; private string name; public certificate() {} public certificate(string name) { this.name = name; } public int getid() { return id; } public void setid( int id ) { this.id = id; } public string getname() { return name; } public void setname( string name ) { this.name = name; } }
定义hibernate映射文件:
让我们开发指示hibernate如何定义的类映射到数据库表的映射文件。<map>元素将被用于定义所使用的映射的规则。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!doctype hibernate-mapping public "-//hibernate/hibernate mapping dtd//en" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name="employee" table="employee"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <map name="certificates" cascade="all"> <key column="employee_id"/> <index column="certificate_type" type="string"/> <one-to-many class="certificate"/> </map> <property name="firstname" column="first_name" type="string"/> <property name="lastname" column="last_name" type="string"/> <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/> </class> <class name="certificate" table="certificate"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
应该保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。我们保存映射文件中的文件employee.hbm.xml。已经熟悉了大部分的映射细节,但让我们再次看映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文档是具有<hibernate-mapping>为对应于每一个类包含2个<class>元素的根元素的xml文档。
<class>元素被用于定义数据库表从一个java类特定的映射。 java类名指定使用class元素的name属性和使用表属性数据库表名指定。
<meta>元素是可选元素,可以用来创建类的描述。
<id>元素映射在类中的唯一id属性到数据库表的主键。 id元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
id元素内的<generator>元素被用来自动生成的主键值。将生成元素的class属性设置为原产于让hibernate拿起无论是identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法来创建主键根据底层数据库的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一个java类的属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
<map>元素用于设置证书和employee类之间的关系。我们使用cascade属性的<map>元素来告诉hibernate来保存证书的对象,同时为employee对象。 name属性设置为定义mapvariable在父类中,在我们的案例中是证书。
<index>的元素用于表示键/值对地图的关键部位。该键将使用一个字符串类型的存储在列certificate_type。
<key>元素是包含外键的父对象,即在证书表中的列。表employee。
<one-to-many>元素表示一个employee对象涉及到很多证书的对象,并因此,证书对象必须有与employee父类有关。可以根据需要使用<one-to-one>,<many-to-one>或<many-to-many>这个元素。
创建应用程序类:
最后,创建应用程序类的main()方法来运行应用程序。使用这个应用程序来保存员工记录地连同证书列表,然后在应用上执行crud操作上的记录。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.hibernateexception; import org.hibernate.session; import org.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.sessionfactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.configuration; public class manageemployee { private static sessionfactory factory; public static void main(string[] args) { try{ factory = new configuration().configure().buildsessionfactory(); }catch (throwable ex) { system.err.println("failed to create sessionfactory object." + ex); throw new exceptionininitializererror(ex); } manageemployee me = new manageemployee(); /* let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ hashmap set = new hashmap(); set.put("computerscience", new certificate("mca")); set.put("businessmanagement", new certificate("mba")); set.put("projectmanagement", new certificate("pmp")); /* add employee records in the database */ integer empid = me.addemployee("manoj", "kumar", 4000, set); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); /* update employee's salary records */ me.updateemployee(empid, 5000); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); } /* method to add an employee record in the database */ public integer addemployee(string fname, string lname, int salary, hashmap cert){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; integer employeeid = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = new employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setcertificates(cert); employeeid = (integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeid; } /* method to list all the employees detail */ public void listemployees( ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); list employees = session.createquery("from employee").list(); for (iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasnext();){ employee employee = (employee) iterator1.next(); system.out.print("first name: " + employee.getfirstname()); system.out.print(" last name: " + employee.getlastname()); system.out.println(" salary: " + employee.getsalary()); map ec = employee.getcertificates(); system.out.println("certificate: " + (((certificate)ec.get("computerscience")).getname())); system.out.println("certificate: " + (((certificate)ec.get("businessmanagement")).getname())); system.out.println("certificate: " + (((certificate)ec.get("projectmanagement")).getname())); } tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateemployee(integer employeeid, int salary ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); employee.setsalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteemployee(integer employeeid){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行:
下面是步骤来编译并运行上述应用程序。请确保您已在进行的编译和执行之前,已经适当地设置path和classpath。
- 创建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件,在配置章节已经解释和学习。
- 创建employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上图所示。
- 创建employee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 创建certificate.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 创建manageemployee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 执行manageemployee二进制文件来运行程序。
会在屏幕上获得以下结果,并同时创建记录在员工和证书表。
$java manageemployee
.......various log messages will display here........
first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 4000 certificate: mca certificate: mba certificate: pmp first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 5000 certificate: mca certificate: mba certificate: pmp
如果检查员工和证书表,就应该记录下了:
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 60 | manoj | kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from certificate;
+----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_type | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ | 16 | projectmanagement | pmp | 60 | | 17 | businessmanagement | mba | 60 | | 18 | computerscience | mca | 60 | +----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sortedmap映射
sortedmap是存储在键 - 值对的元素,并提供键的总体排序类似java的集合作为映射。重复的元素未在映射不允许的。该映射是根据其键的自然顺序进行排序,或者通过提供通常在有序映射的创建时间比较。
sortedmap被映射在该映射表中的<map>元素和有序映射可以在java.util.treemap中被初始化。
我们依然使用上面定义的rdbms表和pojo类来讲下面的例子:
定义hibernate映射文件:
让我们开发指示hibernate如何定义的类映射到数据库表的映射文件。<map>元素将被用于定义所使用的映射的规则。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!doctype hibernate-mapping public "-//hibernate/hibernate mapping dtd//en" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name="employee" table="employee"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <map name="certificates" cascade="all" sort="myclass"> <key column="employee_id"/> <index column="certificate_type" type="string"/> <one-to-many class="certificate"/> </map> <property name="firstname" column="first_name" type="string"/> <property name="lastname" column="last_name" type="string"/> <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/> </class> <class name="certificate" table="certificate"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
应该保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。我们保存映射文件employee.hbm.xml。前面已经熟悉了大部分的映射细节,但让我们再次看看映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文档是具有<hibernate-mapping>对应于每一个类包含2个<class>元素的根元素的xml文档。
<class>元素被用于定义数据库表从一个java类特定的映射。 java类名指定使用class元素的name属性和使用表属性数据库表名指定。
<meta>元素是可选元素,可以用来创建类的描述。
<id>元素映射在类中的唯一id属性到数据库表的主键。 id元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
id元素内的<generator>元素被用来自动生成的主键值。将生成元素的class属性设置让hibernate对应于identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法来创建主键根据底层数据库的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一个java类的属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
<map>元素用于设置证书和employee类之间的关系。我们使用cascade属性的<map>元素来告诉hibernate来保存证书的对象,同时为employee对象。 name属性被设置为在父类中的定义的sortedmap变量,在我们的情况下,它是证书。排序属性可以设置为自然有自然排序,也可以设置为自定义类实现为java.util.comparator。我们已经使用了一个类myclass,它实现为java.util.comparator扭转证书类实现的排序顺序。
<index>元素用于表示键/值对映射的键部分。该键将使用一个字符串类型的存储在列certificate_type。
<key>元素是包含外键的父对象,即在证书表中的列。表employee。
<one-to-many>元素表示一个employee对象涉及到很多证书的对象,并因此,证书对象必须有与employee父有关联。可以根据需要使用<one-to-one>,<many-to-one>或<many-to-many>这个元素。
如果使用sort="natural",然后我们并不需要创建一个单独的类,因为证书类已经实现了comparable接口和hibernate会使用compareto在证书类定义为比较的sortedmap()方法。但是,我们使用的是在我们的映射文件自定义的比较器类myclass,所以我们必须创建这个类的基础上我们的排序算法。让我们做降在映射上可用的按键排序。
import java.util.comparator; public class myclass implements comparator <string>{ public int compare(string o1, string o2) { final int before = -1; final int after = 1; /* to reverse the sorting order, multiple by -1 */ if (o2 == null) { return before * -1; } comparable thiscertificate = o1; comparable thatcertificate = o2; if(thiscertificate == null) { return after * 1; } else if(thatcertificate == null) { return before * -1; } else { return thiscertificate.compareto(thatcertificate) * -1; } } }
最后,我们将创建应用程序类的main()方法来运行应用程序。我们将使用这个应用程序,以节省一些员工的记录地连同的证书,然后我们将提交crud操作上面的记录。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.hibernateexception; import org.hibernate.session; import org.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.sessionfactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.configuration; public class manageemployee { private static sessionfactory factory; public static void main(string[] args) { try{ factory = new configuration().configure().buildsessionfactory(); }catch (throwable ex) { system.err.println("failed to create sessionfactory object." + ex); throw new exceptionininitializererror(ex); } manageemployee me = new manageemployee(); /* let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ treemap set1 = new treemap(); set1.put("computerscience", new certificate("mca")); set1.put("businessmanagement", new certificate("mba")); set1.put("projectmanagement", new certificate("pmp")); /* add employee records in the database */ integer empid1 = me.addemployee("manoj", "kumar", 4000, set1); /* another set of certificates for the second employee */ treemap set2 = new treemap(); set2.put("computerscience", new certificate("mca")); set2.put("businessmanagement", new certificate("mba")); /* add another employee record in the database */ integer empid2 = me.addemployee("dilip", "kumar", 3000, set2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); /* update employee's salary records */ me.updateemployee(empid1, 5000); /* delete an employee from the database */ me.deleteemployee(empid2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); } /* method to add an employee record in the database */ public integer addemployee(string fname, string lname, int salary, treemap cert){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; integer employeeid = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = new employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setcertificates(cert); employeeid = (integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeid; } /* method to list all the employees detail */ public void listemployees( ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); list employees = session.createquery("from employee").list(); for (iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasnext();){ employee employee = (employee) iterator1.next(); system.out.print("first name: " + employee.getfirstname()); system.out.print(" last name: " + employee.getlastname()); system.out.println(" salary: " + employee.getsalary()); sortedmap<string, certificate> map = employee.getcertificates(); for(map.entry<string,certificate> entry : map.entryset()){ system.out.print("\tcertificate type: " + entry.getkey()); system.out.println(", name: " + (entry.getvalue()).getname()); } } tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateemployee(integer employeeid, int salary ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); employee.setsalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteemployee(integer employeeid){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行:
可以看到证书已排序顺序相反。可以通过改变映射文件试试,只需设置sort="natural"和执行程序,并比较结果。
$java manageemployee
.......various log messages will display here........ first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 4000 certificate type: projectmanagement, name: pmp certificate type: computerscience, name: mca certificate type: businessmanagement, name: mba first name: dilip last name: kumar salary: 3000 certificate type: computerscience, name: mca certificate type: businessmanagement, name: mba first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 5000 certificate type: projectmanagement, name: pmp certificate type: computerscience, name: mca certificate type: businessmanagement, name: mba
如果检查员工和证书表,就应该记录下了:
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 74 | manoj | kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from certificate;
+----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_type | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ | 52 | businessmanagement | mba | 74 | | 53 | computerscience | mca | 74 | | 54 | projectmanagement | pmp | 74 | +----+--------------------+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上一篇: 1、如何查取数据库中表的字段
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