详解Java的Hibernate框架中的set映射集与SortedSet映射
set
集合set是一个java集合不包含任何重复的元素。更正式地说,set不包含任何元素对e1和e2,使得e1.equals(e2),和至多一个空元素。所以被添加到一组对象必须实现equals()和hashcode()方法,使java可以判断任何两个元素/对象是否是相同的。
集被映射到与映射表中<set>元素,并在java.util.hashset中初始化。可以使用set集合在类时,有一个集合中不需要重复的元素。
定义rdbms表:
考虑一个情况下,我们需要我们的员工记录存储在employee表,有以下结构:
create table employee ( id int not null auto_increment, first_name varchar(20) default null, last_name varchar(20) default null, salary int default null, primary key (id) );
此外,假设每个员工都可以有一个或多个与他/她相关的证书。因此,我们将存储证书的相关信息在一个单独的表,该表具有以下结构:
create table certificate ( id int not null auto_increment, certificate_name varchar(30) default null, employee_id int default null, primary key (id) );
将有一个对多employee和证书对象之间的关系:
定义pojo类:
让我们实现我们的pojo类员工将被用于保存与employee表中的对象和有凭证的设置变量的集合。
import java.util.*; public class employee { private int id; private string firstname; private string lastname; private int salary; private set certificates; public employee() {} public employee(string fname, string lname, int salary) { this.firstname = fname; this.lastname = lname; this.salary = salary; } public int getid() { return id; } public void setid( int id ) { this.id = id; } public string getfirstname() { return firstname; } public void setfirstname( string first_name ) { this.firstname = first_name; } public string getlastname() { return lastname; } public void setlastname( string last_name ) { this.lastname = last_name; } public int getsalary() { return salary; } public void setsalary( int salary ) { this.salary = salary; } public set getcertificates() { return certificates; } public void setcertificates( set certificates ) { this.certificates = certificates; } }
现在让我们定义另一个pojo类对应的表的证书,这样的证书对象可以存储和检索到的certificate表。这个类还应该同时实现了equals()和hashcode()方法,使java可以判断任意两个元素/对象是否相同。
public class certificate { private int id; private string name; public certificate() {} public certificate(string name) { this.name = name; } public int getid() { return id; } public void setid( int id ) { this.id = id; } public string getname() { return name; } public void setname( string name ) { this.name = name; } public boolean equals(object obj) { if (obj == null) return false; if (!this.getclass().equals(obj.getclass())) return false; certificate obj2 = (certificate)obj; if((this.id == obj2.getid()) && (this.name.equals(obj2.getname()))) { return true; } return false; } public int hashcode() { int tmp = 0; tmp = ( id + name ).hashcode(); return tmp; } }
定义hibernate映射文件:
让我们开发指定hibernate如何定义的类映射到数据库表的映射文件。<set>元素将被用来定义用于设置集合的规则。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!doctype hibernate-mapping public "-//hibernate/hibernate mapping dtd//en" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name="employee" table="employee"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <set name="certificates" cascade="all"> <key column="employee_id"/> <one-to-many class="certificate"/> </set> <property name="firstname" column="first_name" type="string"/> <property name="lastname" column="last_name" type="string"/> <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/> </class> <class name="certificate" table="certificate"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
应该保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。保存映射文件中的文件employee.hbm.xml。已经熟悉了大部分的映射细节,映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文档是具有<hibernate-mapping>为对应于每个类包含2个<class>元素的根元素的xml文档。
在<class>元素被用于定义数据库表从一个java类特定的映射。 java类名指定使用class元素的name属性和使用表属性数据库表名指定。
<meta>元素是可选元素,可以用来创建类的描述。
<id>元素映射在类中的唯一id属性到数据库表的主键。 id元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
id元素内的<generator>元素被用来自动生成的主键值。将生成元素的class属性设置为原始的让hibernate拾取,无论是identity,sequence或者hilo的算法来创建主键根据底层数据库的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一个java类的属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
<set>元素是新的,已被引入到设置certificate 和employee类之间的关系。我们使用cascade属性中的<set>元素来告诉hibernate来保存certificate 对象,同时为employee对象。name属性被设置为在父类中的定义设置变量,在我们的情况下,它是certificate 。对于每一组变量,我们需要定义在映射文件中单独的一组元素。
<key>元素是包含外键的父对象,即在certificate表中的列。表employee。
<one-to-many>元素表示一个employee对象涉及到很多证书的对象,并因此,证书对象必须有与父employee有关。可以根据需要使用任何和<one-to-one>,<many-to-one>进行或<many-to-many>这个元素。
创建应用程序类:
最后,我们将创建应用程序类的main()方法来运行应用程序。我们将使用这个应用程序,以节省一些员工的记录地连同凭证,然后我们将申请crud操作上的记录。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.hibernateexception; import org.hibernate.session; import org.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.sessionfactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.configuration; public class manageemployee { private static sessionfactory factory; public static void main(string[] args) { try{ factory = new configuration().configure().buildsessionfactory(); }catch (throwable ex) { system.err.println("failed to create sessionfactory object." + ex); throw new exceptionininitializererror(ex); } manageemployee me = new manageemployee(); /* let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ hashset set1 = new hashset(); set1.add(new certificate("mca")); set1.add(new certificate("mba")); set1.add(new certificate("pmp")); /* add employee records in the database */ integer empid1 = me.addemployee("manoj", "kumar", 4000, set1); /* another set of certificates for the second employee */ hashset set2 = new hashset(); set2.add(new certificate("bca")); set2.add(new certificate("ba")); /* add another employee record in the database */ integer empid2 = me.addemployee("dilip", "kumar", 3000, set2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); /* update employee's salary records */ me.updateemployee(empid1, 5000); /* delete an employee from the database */ me.deleteemployee(empid2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); } /* method to add an employee record in the database */ public integer addemployee(string fname, string lname, int salary, set cert){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; integer employeeid = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = new employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setcertificates(cert); employeeid = (integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeid; } /* method to list all the employees detail */ public void listemployees( ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); list employees = session.createquery("from employee").list(); for (iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasnext();){ employee employee = (employee) iterator1.next(); system.out.print("first name: " + employee.getfirstname()); system.out.print(" last name: " + employee.getlastname()); system.out.println(" salary: " + employee.getsalary()); set certificates = employee.getcertificates(); for (iterator iterator2 = certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasnext();){ certificate certname = (certificate) iterator2.next(); system.out.println("certificate: " + certname.getname()); } } tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateemployee(integer employeeid, int salary ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); employee.setsalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteemployee(integer employeeid){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行:
下面是步骤来编译并运行上述应用程序。请确保已在进行的编译和执行之前,适当地设置path和classpath。
- 创建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件中配置章节解释。
- 创建employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上图所示。
- 创建employee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 创建certificate.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 创建manageemployee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
- 执行manageemployee二进制文件来运行程序。
会在屏幕上获得以下结果,并同时记录会在员工和证书表被创建。
$java manageemployee
.......various log messages will display here........ first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 4000 certificate: mba certificate: pmp certificate: mca first name: dilip last name: kumar salary: 3000 certificate: bca certificate: ba first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 5000 certificate: mba certificate: pmp certificate: mca
如果检查员工和证书表,就应该记录下了:
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | manoj | kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from certificate;
+----+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+------------------+-------------+ | 1 | mba | 1 | | 2 | pmp | 1 | | 3 | mca | 1 | +----+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
sortedset
sortedset是java集合,该集合不包含任何重复的元素和元素使用提供他们的自然顺序,或由一个比较器进行排序。
一个sortedset映射,在映射表<set>元素和java.util.treeset中初始化。排序属性可以被设置为一个比较器或自然顺序。如果使用自然顺序,那么它的迭代器遍历的集合元素升序排列。
我们依然使用上面示例中所定义的rdbms表,将有一个对多employee和证书对象之间的关系,pojo类也是如上定义。
让我们实现pojo类员工将被用于保存employee表中的对象和有证书的sortedset变量的集合。
现在让我们定义另一个pojo类对应的表的证书,这样的证书对象可以存储和检索到的证书表。这个类还应该实现comparable接口和compareto方法将被用来设置sort="natural" 在映射文件(见下面的映射文件)的情况下,元素进行排序。
public class certificate implements comparable <certificate>{ private int id; private string name; public certificate() {} public certificate(string name) { this.name = name; } public int getid() { return id; } public void setid( int id ) { this.id = id; } public string getname() { return name; } public void setname( string name ) { this.name = name; } public int compareto(certificate that){ final int before = -1; final int after = 1; if (that == null) { return before; } comparable thiscertificate = this.getname(); comparable thatcertificate = that.getname(); if(thiscertificate == null) { return after; } else if(thatcertificate == null) { return before; } else { return thiscertificate.compareto(thatcertificate); } } }
定义hibernate映射文件:
让我们开发指定hibernate如何定义的类映射到数据库表的映射文件。该<set>元素将被用来定义所使用的sortedset集合的规则。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!doctype hibernate-mapping public "-//hibernate/hibernate mapping dtd//en" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name="employee" table="employee"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <set name="certificates" cascade="all" sort="myclass"> <key column="employee_id"/> <one-to-many class="certificate"/> </set> <property name="firstname" column="first_name" type="string"/> <property name="lastname" column="last_name" type="string"/> <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/> </class> <class name="certificate" table="certificate"> <meta attribute="class-description"> this class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml,保存映射文件中的文件employee.hbm.xml。前面已经熟悉了大部分的映射细节,但让我们看到了映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文档是具有<hibernate-mapping>为对应于每一个类包含2个<class>元素的根元素的xml文档。
<class>元素被用于定义数据库表从一个java类特定的映射。 java类名指定使用class元素的name属性和使用表属性数据库表名指定。
<meta>元素是可选元素,可以用来创建类的描述。
<id>元素映射在类中的唯一id属性到数据库表的主键。 id元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
id元素内的<generator>元素被用来自动生成的主键值。将生成元素的class属性设置为原生让hibernate拿起无论是identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法来创建主键根据底层数据库的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一个java类的属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从java转换为sql数据类型。
<set>元素用于设置证书和employee类之间的关系。我们使用cascade属性中的<set>元素来告诉hibernate来保存证书的对象,同时为employee对象。 name属性被设置为在父类中的定义的sortedset的变量,在我们的情况下,它是证书。排序属性可以设置为自然有自然排序,也可以设置为自定义类实现为java.util.comparator。我们已经使用了一个类myclass,它实现为java.util.comparator扭转证书类实现的排序顺序。
<key>元素是包含外键的父对象,即在证书表中的列。表employee。
该<one-to-many>元素表示一个employee对象涉及到很多证书的对象,并因此,证书对象必须有与父employee有关。可以根据需要使用任何和<one-to-one>,<many-to-one>进行或<many-to-many>这个元素。
如果使用sort="natural"的设置,并不需要创建一个单独的类,因为证书类已经实现了comparable接口和hibernate会使用compareto(在证书类定义为比较证书名称)方法。但是,我们使用的是在我们的映射文件自定义的比较器类myclass,所以必须创建这个类的基础上实现排序算法。降序时使用这个类在这个类排序。
import java.util.comparator; public class myclass implements comparator<certificate>{ public int compare(certificate o1, certificate o2) { final int before = -1; final int after = 1; /* to reverse the sorting order, multiple by -1 */ if (o2 == null) { return before * -1; } comparable thiscertificate = o1.getname(); comparable thatcertificate = o2.getname(); if(thiscertificate == null) { return after * 1; } else if(thatcertificate == null) { return before * -1; } else { return thiscertificate.compareto(thatcertificate) * -1; } } }
创建应用程序类:
最后,我们将创建应用程序类的main()方法来运行应用程序。我们将使用这个应用程序,以节省一些员工的记录地连同证书,然后我们将申请crud操作上的记录。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.hibernateexception; import org.hibernate.session; import org.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.sessionfactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.configuration; public class manageemployee { private static sessionfactory factory; public static void main(string[] args) { try{ factory = new configuration().configure().buildsessionfactory(); }catch (throwable ex) { system.err.println("failed to create sessionfactory object." + ex); throw new exceptionininitializererror(ex); } manageemployee me = new manageemployee(); /* let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ treeset set1 = new treeset(); set1.add(new certificate("mca")); set1.add(new certificate("mba")); set1.add(new certificate("pmp")); /* add employee records in the database */ integer empid1 = me.addemployee("manoj", "kumar", 4000, set1); /* another set of certificates for the second employee */ treeset set2 = new treeset(); set2.add(new certificate("bca")); set2.add(new certificate("ba")); /* add another employee record in the database */ integer empid2 = me.addemployee("dilip", "kumar", 3000, set2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); /* update employee's salary records */ me.updateemployee(empid1, 5000); /* delete an employee from the database */ me.deleteemployee(empid2); /* list down all the employees */ me.listemployees(); } /* method to add an employee record in the database */ public integer addemployee(string fname, string lname, int salary, sortedset cert){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; integer employeeid = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = new employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setcertificates(cert); employeeid = (integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeid; } /* method to list all the employees detail */ public void listemployees( ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); list employees = session.createquery("from employee").list(); for (iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasnext();){ employee employee = (employee) iterator1.next(); system.out.print("first name: " + employee.getfirstname()); system.out.print(" last name: " + employee.getlastname()); system.out.println(" salary: " + employee.getsalary()); sortedset certificates = employee.getcertificates(); for (iterator iterator2 = certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasnext();){ certificate certname = (certificate) iterator2.next(); system.out.println("certificate: " + certname.getname()); } } tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateemployee(integer employeeid, int salary ){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); employee.setsalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteemployee(integer employeeid){ session session = factory.opensession(); transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.begintransaction(); employee employee = (employee)session.get(employee.class, employeeid); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (hibernateexception e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printstacktrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行后,会在屏幕上获得以下结果,并同时记录会在员工和证书表被创建。可以看到证书已排序顺序相反。可以通过改变映射文件试试,只需设置sort="natural"和执行程序,并比较结果。
$java manageemployee
.......various log messages will display here........ first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 4000 certificate: pmp certificate: mca certificate: mba first name: dilip last name: kumar salary: 3000 certificate: bca certificate: ba first name: manoj last name: kumar salary: 5000 certificate: pmp certificate: mca certificate: mba
如果检查员工和证书表,就应该记录下了:
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | manoj | kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from certificate;
+----+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+------------------+-------------+ | 1 | mba | 1 | | 2 | pmp | 1 | | 3 | mca | 1 | +----+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)