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Spring Cloud Ribbon的踩坑记录与原理详析

程序员文章站 2024-02-27 16:58:33
简介 spring cloud ribbon 是一个基于http和tcp的客服端负载均衡工具,它是基于netflix ribbon实现的。它不像服务注册中心、配置中心、...

简介

spring cloud ribbon 是一个基于http和tcp的客服端负载均衡工具,它是基于netflix ribbon实现的。它不像服务注册中心、配置中心、api网关那样独立部署,但是它几乎存在于每个微服务的基础设施中。包括前面的提供的声明式服务调用也是基于该ribbon实现的。理解ribbon对于我们使用spring cloud来讲非常的重要,因为负载均衡是对系统的高可用、网络压力的缓解和处理能力扩容的重要手段之一。在上节的例子中,我们采用了声明式的方式来实现负载均衡。实际上,内部调用维护了一个resttemplate对象,该对象会使用ribbon的自动化配置,同时通过@loadbalanced开启客户端负载均衡。其实resttemplate是spring自己提供的对象,不是新的内容。读者不知道resttemplate可以查看相关的文档。

现象

前两天碰到一个ribbon相关的问题,觉得值得记录一下。表象是对外的接口返回内部异常,这个是封装的统

一错误信息,spring的异常处理器catch到未捕获异常统一返回的信息。因此到日志平台查看实际的异常:

org.springframework.web.client.httpclienterrorexception: 404 null

这里介绍一下背景,出现问题的开放网关,做点事情说白了就是转发对应的请求给后端的服务。这里用到了ribbon去做服务负载均衡、eureka负责服务发现。

这里出现404,首先看了下请求的url以及对应的参数,都没有发现问题,对应的后端服务也没有收到请求。这就比较诡异了,开始怀疑是ribbon或者eureka的缓存导致请求到了错误的ip或端口,但由于日志中打印的是eureka的serviceid而不是实际的ip:port,因此先加了个日志:

@slf4j
public class customhttprequestinterceptor implements clienthttprequestinterceptor {

 @override
 public clienthttpresponse intercept(httprequest request, byte[] body, clienthttprequestexecution execution) throws ioexception {
  log.info("request , url:{},method:{}.", request.geturi(), request.getmethod());
  return execution.execute(request, body);
 }
}

这里是通过给resttemplate添加拦截器的方式,但要注意,ribbon也是通过给resttemplate添加拦截器实现的解析serviceid到实际的ip:port,因此需要注意下优先级添加到ribbon的 loadbalancerinterceptor 之后,我这里是通过spring的初始化完成事件的回调中添加的,另外也添加了另一条日志,在catch到这个异常的时候,利用eureka的 discoveryclient#getinstances 获取到当前的实例信息。

之后在测试环境中复现了这个问题,看了下日志,eurek中缓存的实例信息是对的,但是实际调用的确实另外一个服务的地址,从而导致了接口404。

源码解析

从上述的信息中可以知道,问题出在ribbon中,具体的原因后面会说,这里先讲一下spring cloud ribbon的初始化流程。

@configuration
@conditionalonclass({ iclient.class, resttemplate.class, asyncresttemplate.class, ribbon.class})
@ribbonclients
@autoconfigureafter(name = "org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.eurekaclientautoconfiguration")
@autoconfigurebefore({loadbalancerautoconfiguration.class, asyncloadbalancerautoconfiguration.class})
@enableconfigurationproperties({ribboneagerloadproperties.class, serverintrospectorproperties.class})
public class ribbonautoconfiguration {
}

注意这个注解 @ribbonclients , 如果想要覆盖spring cloud提供的默认ribbon配置就可以使用这个注解,最终的解析类是:

public class ribbonclientconfigurationregistrar implements importbeandefinitionregistrar {

 @override
 public void registerbeandefinitions(annotationmetadata metadata,
 beandefinitionregistry registry) {
 map<string, object> attrs = metadata.getannotationattributes(
 ribbonclients.class.getname(), true);
 if (attrs != null && attrs.containskey("value")) {
 annotationattributes[] clients = (annotationattributes[]) attrs.get("value");
 for (annotationattributes client : clients) {
 registerclientconfiguration(registry, getclientname(client),
  client.get("configuration"));
 }
 }
 if (attrs != null && attrs.containskey("defaultconfiguration")) {
 string name;
 if (metadata.hasenclosingclass()) {
 name = "default." + metadata.getenclosingclassname();
 } else {
 name = "default." + metadata.getclassname();
 }
 registerclientconfiguration(registry, name,
  attrs.get("defaultconfiguration"));
 }
 map<string, object> client = metadata.getannotationattributes(
 ribbonclient.class.getname(), true);
 string name = getclientname(client);
 if (name != null) {
 registerclientconfiguration(registry, name, client.get("configuration"));
 }
 }

 private string getclientname(map<string, object> client) {
 if (client == null) {
 return null;
 }
 string value = (string) client.get("value");
 if (!stringutils.hastext(value)) {
 value = (string) client.get("name");
 }
 if (stringutils.hastext(value)) {
 return value;
 }
 throw new illegalstateexception(
 "either 'name' or 'value' must be provided in @ribbonclient");
 }

 private void registerclientconfiguration(beandefinitionregistry registry,
 object name, object configuration) {
 beandefinitionbuilder builder = beandefinitionbuilder
 .genericbeandefinition(ribbonclientspecification.class);
 builder.addconstructorargvalue(name);
 builder.addconstructorargvalue(configuration);
 registry.registerbeandefinition(name + ".ribbonclientspecification",
 builder.getbeandefinition());
 }
}

atrrs包含defaultconfiguration,因此会注册ribbonclientspecification类型的bean,注意名称以 default. 开头,类型是ribbonautoconfiguration,注意上面说的ribbonautoconfiguration被@ribbonclients修饰。

然后再回到上面的源码:

public class ribbonautoconfiguration {
  

  //上文中会解析被@ribbonclients注解修饰的类,然后注册类型为ribbonclientspecification的bean。
  //主要有两个: ribbonautoconfiguration、ribboneurekaautoconfiguration
 @autowired(required = false)
 private list<ribbonclientspecification> configurations = new arraylist<>();
  
 @bean
 public springclientfactory springclientfactory() {
    //初始化springclientfactory,并将上面的配置注入进去,这段很重要。
 springclientfactory factory = new springclientfactory();
 factory.setconfigurations(this.configurations);
 return factory;
 }
   //其他的都是提供一些默认的bean配置

 @bean
 @conditionalonmissingbean(loadbalancerclient.class)
 public loadbalancerclient loadbalancerclient() {
 return new ribbonloadbalancerclient(springclientfactory());
 }

 @bean
 @conditionalonclass(name = "org.springframework.retry.support.retrytemplate")
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public loadbalancedretrypolicyfactory loadbalancedretrypolicyfactory(springclientfactory clientfactory) {
 return new ribbonloadbalancedretrypolicyfactory(clientfactory);
 }

 @bean
 @conditionalonmissingclass(value = "org.springframework.retry.support.retrytemplate")
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public loadbalancedretrypolicyfactory neverretrypolicyfactory() {
 return new loadbalancedretrypolicyfactory.neverretryfactory();
 }

 @bean
 @conditionalonclass(name = "org.springframework.retry.support.retrytemplate")
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public loadbalancedbackoffpolicyfactory loadbalancedbackoffpolicyfactory() {
 return new loadbalancedbackoffpolicyfactory.nobackoffpolicyfactory();
 }

 @bean
 @conditionalonclass(name = "org.springframework.retry.support.retrytemplate")
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public loadbalancedretrylistenerfactory loadbalancedretrylistenerfactory() {
 return new loadbalancedretrylistenerfactory.defaultretrylistenerfactory();
 }

 @bean
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public propertiesfactory propertiesfactory() {
 return new propertiesfactory();
 }
 
 @bean
 @conditionalonproperty(value = "ribbon.eager-load.enabled", matchifmissing = false)
 public ribbonapplicationcontextinitializer ribbonapplicationcontextinitializer() {
 return new ribbonapplicationcontextinitializer(springclientfactory(),
 ribboneagerloadproperties.getclients());
 }

 @configuration
 @conditionalonclass(httprequest.class)
 @conditionalonribbonrestclient
 protected static class ribbonclientconfig {

 @autowired
 private springclientfactory springclientfactory;

 @bean
 public resttemplatecustomizer resttemplatecustomizer(
 final ribbonclienthttprequestfactory ribbonclienthttprequestfactory) {
 return new resttemplatecustomizer() {
 @override
 public void customize(resttemplate resttemplate) {
  resttemplate.setrequestfactory(ribbonclienthttprequestfactory);
 }
 };
 }

 @bean
 public ribbonclienthttprequestfactory ribbonclienthttprequestfactory() {
 return new ribbonclienthttprequestfactory(this.springclientfactory);
 }
 }

 //todo: support for autoconfiguring restemplate to use apache http client or okhttp

 @target({ elementtype.type, elementtype.method })
 @retention(retentionpolicy.runtime)
 @documented
 @conditional(onribbonrestclientcondition.class)
 @interface conditionalonribbonrestclient { }

 private static class onribbonrestclientcondition extends anynestedcondition {
 public onribbonrestclientcondition() {
 super(configurationphase.register_bean);
 }

 @deprecated //remove in edgware"
 @conditionalonproperty("ribbon.http.client.enabled")
 static class zuulproperty {}

 @conditionalonproperty("ribbon.restclient.enabled")
 static class ribbonproperty {}
 }
}

注意这里的springclientfactory, ribbon默认情况下,每个eureka的serviceid(服务),都会分配自己独立的spring的上下文,即applicationcontext, 然后这个上下文中包含了必要的一些bean,比如: iloadbalancer 、 serverlistfilter 等。而spring cloud默认是使用resttemplate封装了ribbon的调用,核心是通过一个拦截器:

@bean
 @conditionalonmissingbean
 public resttemplatecustomizer resttemplatecustomizer(
 final loadbalancerinterceptor loadbalancerinterceptor) {
 return new resttemplatecustomizer() {
 @override
 public void customize(resttemplate resttemplate) {
  list<clienthttprequestinterceptor> list = new arraylist<>(
  resttemplate.getinterceptors());
  list.add(loadbalancerinterceptor);
  resttemplate.setinterceptors(list);
 }
 };
 }

因此核心是通过这个拦截器实现的负载均衡:

public class loadbalancerinterceptor implements clienthttprequestinterceptor {

 private loadbalancerclient loadbalancer;
 private loadbalancerrequestfactory requestfactory;

 @override
 public clienthttpresponse intercept(final httprequest request, final byte[] body,
 final clienthttprequestexecution execution) throws ioexception {
 final uri originaluri = request.geturi(); //这里传入的url是解析之前的,即http://serviceid/服务地址的形式
 string servicename = originaluri.gethost(); //解析拿到对应的serviceid
 assert.state(servicename != null, "request uri does not contain a valid hostname: " + originaluri);
 return this.loadbalancer.execute(servicename, requestfactory.createrequest(request, body, execution));
 }
}

然后将请求转发给loadbalancerclient:

public class ribbonloadbalancerclient implements loadbalancerclient {
@override
 public <t> t execute(string serviceid, loadbalancerrequest<t> request) throws ioexception {
 iloadbalancer loadbalancer = getloadbalancer(serviceid); //获取对应的loadbalancer
 server server = getserver(loadbalancer); //获取服务器,这里会执行对应的分流策略,比如轮训
    //、随机等
 if (server == null) {
 throw new illegalstateexception("no instances available for " + serviceid);
 }
 ribbonserver ribbonserver = new ribbonserver(serviceid, server, issecure(server,
 serviceid), serverintrospector(serviceid).getmetadata(server));

 return execute(serviceid, ribbonserver, request);
 }
}

而这里的loadbalancer是通过上文中提到的springclientfactory获取到的,这里会初始化一个新的spring上下文,然后将ribbon默认的配置类,比如说: ribbonautoconfiguration 、 ribboneurekaautoconfiguration 等添加进去, 然后将当前spring的上下文设置为parent,再调用refresh方法进行初始化。

public class springclientfactory extends namedcontextfactory<ribbonclientspecification> {
 protected annotationconfigapplicationcontext createcontext(string name) {
 annotationconfigapplicationcontext context = new annotationconfigapplicationcontext();
 if (this.configurations.containskey(name)) {
 for (class<?> configuration : this.configurations.get(name)
  .getconfiguration()) {
 context.register(configuration);
 }
 }
 for (map.entry<string, c> entry : this.configurations.entryset()) {
 if (entry.getkey().startswith("default.")) {
 for (class<?> configuration : entry.getvalue().getconfiguration()) {
  context.register(configuration);
 }
 }
 }
 context.register(propertyplaceholderautoconfiguration.class,
 this.defaultconfigtype);
 context.getenvironment().getpropertysources().addfirst(new mappropertysource(
 this.propertysourcename,
 collections.<string, object> singletonmap(this.propertyname, name)));
 if (this.parent != null) {
 // uses environment from parent as well as beans
 context.setparent(this.parent);
 }
 context.refresh();
 return context;
 }
}

最核心的就在这一段,也就是说对于每一个不同的serviceid来说,都拥有一个独立的spring上下文,并且在第一次调用这个服务的时候,会初始化ribbon相关的所有bean, 如果不存在 才回去父context中去找。

再回到上文中根据分流策略获取实际的ip:port的代码段:

public class ribbonloadbalancerclient implements loadbalancerclient {
@override
 public <t> t execute(string serviceid, loadbalancerrequest<t> request) throws ioexception {
 iloadbalancer loadbalancer = getloadbalancer(serviceid); //获取对应的loadbalancer
 server server = getserver(loadbalancer); //获取服务器,这里会执行对应的分流策略,比如轮训
    //、随机等
 if (server == null) {
 throw new illegalstateexception("no instances available for " + serviceid);
 }
 ribbonserver ribbonserver = new ribbonserver(serviceid, server, issecure(server,
 serviceid), serverintrospector(serviceid).getmetadata(server));

 return execute(serviceid, ribbonserver, request);
 }
}
 protected server getserver(iloadbalancer loadbalancer) {
 if (loadbalancer == null) {
 return null;
 }
    // 选择对应的服务器
 return loadbalancer.chooseserver("default"); // todo: better handling of key
 }
public class zoneawareloadbalancer<t extends server> extends dynamicserverlistloadbalancer<t> {
@override
 public server chooseserver(object key) {
  if (!enabled.get() || getloadbalancerstats().getavailablezones().size() <= 1) {
   logger.debug("zone aware logic disabled or there is only one zone");
   return super.chooseserver(key); //默认不配置可用区,走的是这段
  }
  server server = null;
  try {
   loadbalancerstats lbstats = getloadbalancerstats();
   map<string, zonesnapshot> zonesnapshot = zoneavoidancerule.createsnapshot(lbstats);
   logger.debug("zone snapshots: {}", zonesnapshot);
   if (triggeringload == null) {
    triggeringload = dynamicpropertyfactory.getinstance().getdoubleproperty(
      "zoneawareniwsdiscoveryloadbalancer." + this.getname() + ".triggeringloadperserverthreshold", 0.2d);
   }

   if (triggeringblackoutpercentage == null) {
    triggeringblackoutpercentage = dynamicpropertyfactory.getinstance().getdoubleproperty(
      "zoneawareniwsdiscoveryloadbalancer." + this.getname() + ".avoidzonewithblackoutpercetage", 0.99999d);
   }
   set<string> availablezones = zoneavoidancerule.getavailablezones(zonesnapshot, triggeringload.get(), triggeringblackoutpercentage.get());
   logger.debug("available zones: {}", availablezones);
   if (availablezones != null && availablezones.size() < zonesnapshot.keyset().size()) {
    string zone = zoneavoidancerule.randomchoosezone(zonesnapshot, availablezones);
    logger.debug("zone chosen: {}", zone);
    if (zone != null) {
     baseloadbalancer zoneloadbalancer = getloadbalancer(zone);
     server = zoneloadbalancer.chooseserver(key);
    }
   }
  } catch (exception e) {
   logger.error("error choosing server using zone aware logic for load balancer={}", name, e);
  }
  if (server != null) {
   return server;
  } else {
   logger.debug("zone avoidance logic is not invoked.");
   return super.chooseserver(key);
  }
 }

 //实际走到的方法
 public server chooseserver(object key) {
  if (counter == null) {
   counter = createcounter();
  }
  counter.increment();
  if (rule == null) {
   return null;
  } else {
   try {
    return rule.choose(key);
   } catch (exception e) {
    logger.warn("loadbalancer [{}]: error choosing server for key {}", name, key, e);
    return null;
   }
  }
 }
}

也就是说最终会调用 irule 选择到一个节点,这里支持很多策略,比如随机、轮训、响应时间权重等:

Spring Cloud Ribbon的踩坑记录与原理详析

public interface irule{

 public server choose(object key);
 
 public void setloadbalancer(iloadbalancer lb);
 
 public iloadbalancer getloadbalancer(); 
}

这里的loadbalancer是在baseloadbalancer的构造器中设置的,上文说过,对于每一个serviceid服务来说,当第一次调用的时候会初始化对应的spring上下文,而这个上下文中包含了所有ribbon相关的bean,其中就包括iloadbalancer、irule。

原因

通过跟踪堆栈,发现不同的serviceid,irule是同一个, 而上文说过,每个serviceid都拥有自己独立的上下文,包括独立的loadbalancer、irule,而irule是同一个,因此怀疑是这个bean是通过parent context获取到的,换句话说应用自己定义了一个这样的bean。查看代码果然如此。

这样就会导致一个问题,irule是共享的,而其他bean是隔离开的,因此后面的serviceid初始化的时候,会修改这个irule的loadbalancer, 导致之前的服务获取到的实例信息是错误的,从而导致接口404。

public class baseloadbalancer extends abstractloadbalancer implements
  primeconnections.primeconnectionlistener, iclientconfigaware {
 public baseloadbalancer() {
  this.name = default_name;
  this.ping = null;
  setrule(default_rule); // 这里会设置irule的loadbalancer
  setuppingtask();
  lbstats = new loadbalancerstats(default_name);
 }
}

Spring Cloud Ribbon的踩坑记录与原理详析

解决方案

解决方法也很简单,最简单就将这个自定义的irule的bean干掉,另外更标准的做法是使用ribbonclients注解,具体做法可以参考文档。

总结

核心原因其实还是对于spring cloud的理解不够深刻,用法有错误,导致出现了一些比较诡异的问题。对于自己使用的组件、框架、甚至于每一个注解,都要了解其原理,能够清楚的说清楚这个注解有什么效果,有什么影响,而不是只着眼于解决眼前的问题。

再次声明:代码不是我写的=_=

好了,以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对的支持。