欢迎您访问程序员文章站本站旨在为大家提供分享程序员计算机编程知识!
您现在的位置是: 首页

【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

程序员文章站 2024-02-22 18:58:10
...

00. 目录

01. 概述

要想看懂FreeRTOS 源码并学习其原理,有一个东西绝对跑不了,那就是FreeRTOS 的列表和列表项。列表和列表项是FreeRTOS 的一个数据结构,FreeRTOS 大量使用到了列表和列表项,它是FreeRTOS 的基石。要想深入学习并理解FreeRTOS,那么列表和列表项就必须首先掌握,否则后面根本就没法进行。

列表被FreeRTOS调度器使用,用于跟踪任务,处于就绪、挂起、延时的任务,都会被挂接到各自的列表中。用户程序如果有需要,也可以使用列表。

FreeRTOS列表使用指针指向列表项。一个列表(list)下面可能有很多个列表项(list item),每个列表项都有一个指针指向列表。如下图所示。
【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

02. 列表

列表是FreeRTOS 中的一个数据结构,概念上和链表有点类似,列表被用来跟踪FreeRTOS中的任务。与列表相关的全部东西都在文件list.c 和list.h 中。在list.h 中定义了一个叫List_t 的结构体,如下:

typedef struct xLIST
{
     listFIRST_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE                        /*用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
     configLIST_VOLATILE UBaseType_t uxNumberOfItems;
     ListItem_t * configLIST_VOLATILE pxIndex;                   /*用于遍历列表*/
     MiniListItem_t xListEnd;                                    /*列表项*/
     listSECOND_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE                       /*用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
}List_t;

【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

(1) 和(5) 、这两个都是用来检查列表完整性的, 需要将宏configUSE_LIST_DATA_INTEGRITY_CHECK_BYTES 设置为1,开启以后会向这两个地方分别添加一个变量xListIntegrityValue1 和xListIntegrityValue2,在初始化列表的时候会这两个变量中写入一个特殊的值,默认不开启这个功能。
(2)、uxNumberOfItems 用来记录列表中列表项的数量。
(3)、pxIndex 用来记录当前列表项索引号,用于遍历列表。
(4)、列表中最后一个列表项,用来表示列表结束,此变量类型为MiniListItem_t,这是一个迷你列表项。

03. 列表项

列表项就是存放在列表中的项目,FreeRTOS 提供了两种列表项:列表项和迷你列表项。这两个都在文件list.h 中有定义。

xLIST_ITEM列表项

struct xLIST_ITEM
{
     listFIRST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE           /*用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
     configLIST_VOLATILETickType_t xItemValue;           /*列表项值*/
     struct xLIST_ITEM * configLIST_VOLATILE pxNext;      /*指向列表中下一个列表项*/
     struct xLIST_ITEM * configLIST_VOLATILE pxPrevious;  /*指向列表中上一个列表项*/
     void * pvOwner;                                     /*指向一个任务TCB*/
     void * configLIST_VOLATILE pvContainer;             /*指向包含该列表项的列表 */
     listSECOND_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE          /*用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
};
typedef struct xLIST_ITEM ListItem_t;

【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

(1)和(7)、用法和列表一样,用来检查列表项完整性的。以后我们在学习列表项的时候不讨论这个功能!
(2)、xItemValue 为列表项值。
(3)、pxNext 指向下一个列表项。
(4)、pxPrevious 指向前一个列表项,和pxNext 配合起来实现类似双向链表的功能。
(5)、pvOwner 记录此链表项归谁拥有,通常是任务控制块。
(6)、pvContainer 用来记录此列表项归哪个列表。注意和pvOwner 的区别,在前面讲解任务控制块TCB_t 的时候说了在TCB_t 中有两个变量xStateListItem 和xEventListItem,这两个变量的类型就是ListItem_t,也就是说这两个成员变量都是列表项。以xStateListItem 为例,当创建一个任务以后xStateListItem 的pvOwner 变量就指向这个任务的任务控制块,表示xSateListItem属于此任务。当任务就绪态以后xStateListItem 的变量pvContainer 就指向就绪列表,表明此列表项在就绪列表中。举个通俗一点的例子:小王在上二年级,他的父亲是老王。如果把小王比作列表项,那么小王的pvOwner 属性值就是老王,小王的pvContainer 属性值就是二年级。

xMINI_LIST_ITEM列表项

struct xMINI_LIST_ITEM
{
     listFIRST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE           /*用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
     configLIST_VOLATILE TickType_t xItemValue;
     struct xLIST_ITEM * configLIST_VOLATILE pxNext;
     struct xLIST_ITEM * configLIST_VOLATILE pxPrevious;
};
typedef struct xMINI_LIST_ITEM MiniListItem_t;

【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

(1)、用于检查迷你列表项的完整性。

(2)、xItemValue 记录列表列表项值。
(3)、pxNext 指向下一个列表项。
(4)、pxPrevious 指向上一个列表项。
可以看出迷你列表项只是比列表项少了几个成员变量,迷你列表项有的成员变量列表项都有的,没感觉有什么本质区别啊?那为什么要弄个迷你列表项出来呢?那是因为有些情况下我们不需要列表项这么全的功能,可能只需要其中的某几个成员变量,如果此时用列表项的话会造成内存浪费!比如上面列表结构体List_t 中表示最后一个列表项的成员变量xListEnd 就是MiniListItem_t 类型的。

04. 列表相关宏

/*
 * Access macro to set the owner of a list item.  The owner of a list item
 * is the object (usually a TCB) that contains the list item.
 *
 * \page listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER( pxListItem, pxOwner )    ( ( pxListItem )->pvOwner = ( void * ) ( pxOwner ) )

/*
 * Access macro to get the owner of a list item.  The owner of a list item
 * is the object (usually a TCB) that contains the list item.
 *
 * \page listGET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER( pxListItem )             ( ( pxListItem )->pvOwner )

/*
 * Access macro to set the value of the list item.  In most cases the value is
 * used to sort the list in descending order.
 *
 * \page listSET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE listSET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listSET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE( pxListItem, xValue )     ( ( pxListItem )->xItemValue = ( xValue ) )

/*
 * Access macro to retrieve the value of the list item.  The value can
 * represent anything - for example the priority of a task, or the time at
 * which a task should be unblocked.
 *
 * \page listGET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE listGET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE( pxListItem )             ( ( pxListItem )->xItemValue )

/*
 * Access macro to retrieve the value of the list item at the head of a given
 * list.
 *
 * \page listGET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE listGET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_ITEM_VALUE_OF_HEAD_ENTRY( pxList )        ( ( ( pxList )->xListEnd ).pxNext->xItemValue )

/*
 * Return the list item at the head of the list.
 *
 * \page listGET_HEAD_ENTRY listGET_HEAD_ENTRY
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_HEAD_ENTRY( pxList )                      ( ( ( pxList )->xListEnd ).pxNext )

/*
 * Return the next list item.
 *
 * \page listGET_NEXT listGET_NEXT
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_NEXT( pxListItem )                        ( ( pxListItem )->pxNext )

/*
 * Return the list item that marks the end of the list
 *
 * \page listGET_END_MARKER listGET_END_MARKER
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_END_MARKER( pxList )                      ( ( ListItem_t const * ) ( &( ( pxList )->xListEnd ) ) )

/*
 * Access macro to determine if a list contains any items.  The macro will
 * only have the value true if the list is empty.
 *
 * \page listLIST_IS_EMPTY listLIST_IS_EMPTY
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listLIST_IS_EMPTY( pxList )                       ( ( ( pxList )->uxNumberOfItems == ( UBaseType_t ) 0 ) ? pdTRUE : pdFALSE )

/*
 * Access macro to return the number of items in the list.
 */
#define listCURRENT_LIST_LENGTH( pxList )                 ( ( pxList )->uxNumberOfItems )

/*
 * Access function to obtain the owner of the next entry in a list.
 *
 * The list member pxIndex is used to walk through a list.  Calling
 * listGET_OWNER_OF_NEXT_ENTRY increments pxIndex to the next item in the list
 * and returns that entry's pxOwner parameter.  Using multiple calls to this
 * function it is therefore possible to move through every item contained in
 * a list.
 *
 * The pxOwner parameter of a list item is a pointer to the object that owns
 * the list item.  In the scheduler this is normally a task control block.
 * The pxOwner parameter effectively creates a two way link between the list
 * item and its owner.
 *
 * @param pxTCB pxTCB is set to the address of the owner of the next list item.
 * @param pxList The list from which the next item owner is to be returned.
 *
 * \page listGET_OWNER_OF_NEXT_ENTRY listGET_OWNER_OF_NEXT_ENTRY
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_OWNER_OF_NEXT_ENTRY( pxTCB, pxList )                                           \
    {                                                                                          \
        List_t * const pxConstList = ( pxList );                                               \
        /* Increment the index to the next item and return the item, ensuring */               \
        /* we don't return the marker used at the end of the list.  */                         \
        ( pxConstList )->pxIndex = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pxNext;                           \
        if( ( void * ) ( pxConstList )->pxIndex == ( void * ) &( ( pxConstList )->xListEnd ) ) \
        {                                                                                      \
            ( pxConstList )->pxIndex = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pxNext;                       \
        }                                                                                      \
        ( pxTCB ) = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pvOwner;                                         \
    }


/*
 * Access function to obtain the owner of the first entry in a list.  Lists
 * are normally sorted in ascending item value order.
 *
 * This function returns the pxOwner member of the first item in the list.
 * The pxOwner parameter of a list item is a pointer to the object that owns
 * the list item.  In the scheduler this is normally a task control block.
 * The pxOwner parameter effectively creates a two way link between the list
 * item and its owner.
 *
 * @param pxList The list from which the owner of the head item is to be
 * returned.
 *
 * \page listGET_OWNER_OF_HEAD_ENTRY listGET_OWNER_OF_HEAD_ENTRY
 * \ingroup LinkedList
 */
#define listGET_OWNER_OF_HEAD_ENTRY( pxList )            ( ( &( ( pxList )->xListEnd ) )->pxNext->pvOwner )

/*
 * Check to see if a list item is within a list.  The list item maintains a
 * "container" pointer that points to the list it is in.  All this macro does
 * is check to see if the container and the list match.
 *
 * @param pxList The list we want to know if the list item is within.
 * @param pxListItem The list item we want to know if is in the list.
 * @return pdTRUE if the list item is in the list, otherwise pdFALSE.
 */
#define listIS_CONTAINED_WITHIN( pxList, pxListItem )    ( ( ( pxListItem )->pxContainer == ( pxList ) ) ? ( pdTRUE ) : ( pdFALSE ) )

/*
 * Return the list a list item is contained within (referenced from).
 *
 * @param pxListItem The list item being queried.
 * @return A pointer to the List_t object that references the pxListItem
 */
#define listLIST_ITEM_CONTAINER( pxListItem )            ( ( pxListItem )->pxContainer )

/*
 * This provides a crude means of knowing if a list has been initialised, as
 * pxList->xListEnd.xItemValue is set to portMAX_DELAY by the vListInitialise()
 * function.
 */
#define listLIST_IS_INITIALISED( pxList )                ( ( pxList )->xListEnd.xItemValue == portMAX_DELAY )

05. 列表相关函数

5.1 初始化列表

列表结构体中包含一个列表项成员,主要用于标记列表结束。初始化列表就是把这个列表项插入到列表中。

void vListInitialise( List_t * const pxList )
{
     /*列表索引指向列表项*/
     pxList->pxIndex = ( ListItem_t * )&( pxList->xListEnd );                  
     /* 设置为最大可能值 */
     pxList->xListEnd.xItemValue =portMAX_DELAY;
 
     /* 列表项xListEnd的pxNext和pxPrevious指针指向了它自己 */
     pxList->xListEnd.pxNext = (ListItem_t * ) &( pxList->xListEnd );
     pxList->xListEnd.pxPrevious= ( ListItem_t * ) &( pxList->xListEnd );
     pxList->uxNumberOfItems = ( UBaseType_t) 0U;
 
     /* 设置为已知值,用于检测列表数据是否完整*/
     listSET_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_1_VALUE(pxList );
     listSET_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_2_VALUE(pxList );
}

如果宏configUSE_LIST_DATA_INTEGRITY_CHECK_BYTES设置为1,则使能列表项数据完整性检查,则宏listSET_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_1_VALUE()和listSET_LIST_INTEGRITY_CHECK_2_VALUE被一个已知值代替,默认为0x5a5a(16位架构)或者0x5a5a5a5a(32位架构)。
【STM32】FreeRTOS列表和列表项详解

5.2 初始化列表项

列表项的初始比较简单,只要确保列表项不在任何列表中即可。

void vListInitialiseItem( ListItem_t * const pxItem )
{
     pxItem->pvContainer = NULL;
 
     /*设置为已知值,用于检测列表项数据是否完整*/
     listSET_FIRST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE(pxItem );
     listSET_SECOND_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE(pxItem );
}

如果宏configUSE_LIST_DATA_INTEGRITY_CHECK_BYTES设置为1,则使能列表项数据完整性检查,则宏listFIRST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE和listSECOND_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY_CHECK_VALUE会被两个已知的数值代替,默认为0x5a5a(16位架构)或者0x5a5a5a5a(32位架构)。

5.3 列表项插入函数

每个列表项对象都有一个列表项值(xItemValue),通常是一个被跟踪的任务优先级或是一个调度事件的计数器值。调用API函数vListInsert( List_t * const pxList, ListItem_t * const pxNewListItem)可以将pxNewListItem指向的列表项插入到pxList指向的列表中,列表项在列表的位置由pxNewListItem->xItemValue决定,按照升序排列。

void vListInsert( List_t * const pxList,
                  ListItem_t * const pxNewListItem )
{
    ListItem_t * pxIterator;
    const TickType_t xValueOfInsertion = pxNewListItem->xItemValue;

    /* 检查列表和列表项数据的完整性,仅当configASSERT()定义时有效。*/
    /* Only effective when configASSERT() is also defined, these tests may catch
     * the list data structures being overwritten in memory.  They will not catch
     * data errors caused by incorrect configuration or use of FreeRTOS. */
    listTEST_LIST_INTEGRITY( pxList );
    listTEST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY( pxNewListItem );

    /* Insert the new list item into the list, sorted in xItemValue order.
     *
     * If the list already contains a list item with the same item value then the
     * new list item should be placed after it.  This ensures that TCBs which are
     * stored in ready lists (all of which have the same xItemValue value) get a
     * share of the CPU.  However, if the xItemValue is the same as the back marker
     * the iteration loop below will not end.  Therefore the value is checked
     * first, and the algorithm slightly modified if necessary. */
    /*将新的列表项插入到列表,根据xItemValue的值升序插入列表。*/
    if( xValueOfInsertion == portMAX_DELAY )
    {
        pxIterator = pxList->xListEnd.pxPrevious;
    }
    else
    {
        /* *** NOTE ***********************************************************
        *  If you find your application is crashing here then likely causes are
        *  listed below.  In addition see https://www.FreeRTOS.org/FAQHelp.html for
        *  more tips, and ensure configASSERT() is defined!
        *  https://www.FreeRTOS.org/a00110.html#configASSERT
        *
        *   1) Stack overflow -
        *      see https://www.FreeRTOS.org/Stacks-and-stack-overflow-checking.html
        *   2) Incorrect interrupt priority assignment, especially on Cortex-M
        *      parts where numerically high priority values denote low actual
        *      interrupt priorities, which can seem counter intuitive.  See
        *      https://www.FreeRTOS.org/RTOS-Cortex-M3-M4.html and the definition
        *      of configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY on
        *      https://www.FreeRTOS.org/a00110.html
        *   3) Calling an API function from within a critical section or when
        *      the scheduler is suspended, or calling an API function that does
        *      not end in "FromISR" from an interrupt.
        *   4) Using a queue or semaphore before it has been initialised or
        *      before the scheduler has been started (are interrupts firing
        *      before vTaskStartScheduler() has been called?).
        **********************************************************************/

        //xListEnd表示列表的末尾
        for( pxIterator = ( ListItem_t * ) &( pxList->xListEnd ); pxIterator->pxNext->xItemValue <= xValueOfInsertion; pxIterator = pxIterator->pxNext ) /*lint !e826 !e740 !e9087 The mini list structure is used as the list end to save RAM.  This is checked and valid. *//*lint !e440 The iterator moves to a different value, not xValueOfInsertion. */
        {
            /* There is nothing to do here, just iterating to the wanted
             * insertion position. */
        }
    }

    pxNewListItem->pxNext = pxIterator->pxNext;
    pxNewListItem->pxNext->pxPrevious = pxNewListItem;
    pxNewListItem->pxPrevious = pxIterator;
    pxIterator->pxNext = pxNewListItem;

    /* Remember which list the item is in.  This allows fast removal of the
     * item later. */
    pxNewListItem->pxContainer = pxList;

    ( pxList->uxNumberOfItems )++;
}

根据xItemValue的值将新的列表项插入到列表。如果列表中存在与新列表项xItemValue值相同的列表项,则新插入的列表项位于它之后。如果列表项的xItemValue值等于portMAX_DELAY(列表结束标记,我们在讲列表数据结构时,说到每个列表数据结构体中都有一个列表项成员xListEnd,用于标记列表结束。xListEnd.xItemValue被初始化为一个常数,其值与硬件架构相关,为0xFFFF或者0xFFFFFFFF。这个常数在移植层定义,即宏portMAX_DELAY),则表示到达了列表结束位置。

5.4 列表项末尾插入

API函数vListInsertEnd()是简单的将列表项插入到列表的末端。

void vListInsertEnd( List_t * const pxList, ListItem_t * const pxNewListItem )
{
ListItem_t* const pxIndex = pxList->pxIndex;
 
         /*检查列表和列表项数据的完整性,仅当configASSERT()定义时有效。*/
         listTEST_LIST_INTEGRITY( pxList );
         listTEST_LIST_ITEM_INTEGRITY(pxNewListItem );
 
         /*向列表中插入新的列表项*/
         pxNewListItem->pxNext = pxIndex;
         pxNewListItem->pxPrevious =pxIndex->pxPrevious;
 
         mtCOVERAGE_TEST_DELAY();
 
         pxIndex->pxPrevious->pxNext =pxNewListItem;
         pxIndex->pxPrevious = pxNewListItem;
 
         pxNewListItem->pvContainer = ( void* ) pxList;
 
         ( pxList->uxNumberOfItems )++;
}

5.5 列表项删除

列表项的删除只是将指定的列表项从列表中删除,并不会将这个列表项的内存给释放掉。

UBaseType_t uxListRemove( ListItem_t * const pxItemToRemove )
{
/* The list item knows which list it is in.  Obtain the list from the list
 * item. */
    List_t * const pxList = pxItemToRemove->pxContainer;

    pxItemToRemove->pxNext->pxPrevious = pxItemToRemove->pxPrevious;
    pxItemToRemove->pxPrevious->pxNext = pxItemToRemove->pxNext;

    /* Only used during decision coverage testing. */
    mtCOVERAGE_TEST_DELAY();

    /* Make sure the index is left pointing to a valid item. */
    if( pxList->pxIndex == pxItemToRemove )
    {
        pxList->pxIndex = pxItemToRemove->pxPrevious;
    }
    else
    {
        mtCOVERAGE_TEST_MARKER();
    }

    pxItemToRemove->pxContainer = NULL;
    ( pxList->uxNumberOfItems )--;

    return pxList->uxNumberOfItems;
}

5.6 列表遍历

#define listGET_OWNER_OF_NEXT_ENTRY( pxTCB, pxList )                                           \
    {                                                                                          \
        List_t * const pxConstList = ( pxList );                                               \
        /* Increment the index to the next item and return the item, ensuring */               \
        /* we don't return the marker used at the end of the list.  */                         \
        ( pxConstList )->pxIndex = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pxNext;                           \
        if( ( void * ) ( pxConstList )->pxIndex == ( void * ) &( ( pxConstList )->xListEnd ) ) \
        {                                                                                      \
            ( pxConstList )->pxIndex = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pxNext;                       \
        }                                                                                      \
        ( pxTCB ) = ( pxConstList )->pxIndex->pvOwner;                                         \
    }

06. 附录

6.1 【STM32】STM32系列教程汇总

网址:【STM32】STM32系列教程汇总

07. 参考

《FreeRTOS Reference Manual》

《Using the FreeRTOS Real Time Kernel -A Practical Guide》

《The Definitive Guide to ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors,3rd Edition》