MySQL笔记之数据类型详解
字符型数据
字符型数据可以使用定长或变长的字符串来实现,其不同点在于固定长度的字符串使用空格向右填充,以保证占用同样的字节数;变长字符串不需要向右填充,并且所有字节数可变。
char 定长型,字节长度固定,最大长度为255字节,可以使用char(20)这种方式限定长度,查询速度快,但不灵活
varchar 变长型,字节长度随数据量变化,最多可存储65535字节,varchar(20)可以限定长度,查询速度不及char,但使用灵活
如果需要存储文本或者文档,需要使用text类型数据,包括四种
tinytext 255字节
text 65535字节
mediumtext 16777215字节
longtext 4294967295字节
以上三种在进行分组排序或者比较的时候只采用前1024字节进行比较
字符集
对于拉丁语系,比如英语,其中每个字母只需要1个字节来存储;而其他一些语言,比如中文,包含了大量字符,每个字符的存储需要多个字节,因此这类字符集被称为多字符集
在mysql中,可以使用show cahracter set语句查看字符集
mysql> show character set;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| charset | description | default collation | maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | big5 traditional chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | dec west european | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | dos west european | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | hp west european | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | koi8-r relcom russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 west european | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | iso 8859-2 central european | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | us ascii | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | euc-jp japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | shift-jis japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | iso 8859-8 hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | tis620 thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | euc-kr korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | koi8-u ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | gb2312 simplified chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | iso 8859-7 greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | windows central european | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | gbk simplified chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | iso 8859-9 turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | armscii-8 armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | utf-8 unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | ucs-2 unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | dos russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | dos kamenicky czech-slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | mac central european | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | mac west european | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | dos central european | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | iso 8859-13 baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | utf-8 unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | windows cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | utf-16 unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | windows arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | windows baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | utf-32 unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | geostd8 georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | sjis for windows japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | ujis for windows japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
其中maxlen列大于1则代表此行为多字符集,比如gb2312,存储一个汉字最多需要2个字节,utf8最多则需要3个
数值型数据
整数型数据
浮点型数据
数值型数据可以定义为unsigned,对整数而已可以改变其范围,对浮点数而言可以限定其不能为负数
时间数据
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