Python网络爬虫(十)——json

简介

JSON(JavaScript Object Notation)是一种轻量级的数据交换格式。它是基于  ECMAScript(欧洲计算机协会制定的 js 规范)的一个子集，采用完全独立于编程语言的文本格式来存储和表示数据。json 主要的优点有：

• 层次结构简洁清晰
• 易于阅读和编写
• 易于机器解析和生成
• 网络传输效率高

JSON 数据格式

• 对象：以‘{’开始，以‘}’结束，和 python 中的字典类似
• 数组：以‘[’开始，以‘]’结束，和 python 中的列表类似
• 整型、浮点型、布尔类型和 NULL
• 字符串类型：以‘“’开始，以‘”’结束

多个数据之间使用逗号分隔。

从 python 到 JSON

import json

students = [
    {'name':'zhangsan','num':'100'},
    {'name':'lisi','num':'101'}
]
print(students)
stu_json = json.dumps(students)
print(type(stu_json))
print(stu_json)

结果为：

[{'name': 'zhangsan', 'num': '100'}, {'name': 'lisi', 'num': '101'}]
<class 'str'>
[{"name": "zhangsan", "num": "100"}, {"name": "lisi", "num": "101"}]

使用 dumps 进行的数据转换返回的结果为 str 类型，同时可以看到 python 中的单引号被转换为了双引号。

dumps

def dumps(obj, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
        allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
        default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw):
    """Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.

    If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
    (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
    instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

    If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value can contain non-ASCII
    characters if they appear in strings contained in ``obj``. Otherwise, all
    such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

    If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
    for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
    result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

    If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
    serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
    strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
    JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

    If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
    object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
    level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
    representation.

    If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
    tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
    ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
    you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

    ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
    of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

    If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
    dictionaries will be sorted by key.

    To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
    ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
    the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    """
    # cached encoder
    if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
        check_circular and allow_nan and
        cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
        default is None and not sort_keys and not kw):
        return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
    if cls is None:
        cls = JSONEncoder
    return cls(
        skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
        check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
        separators=separators, default=default, sort_keys=sort_keys,
        **kw).encode(obj)

将 json 数据写入文件

使用 dumps 可以将原始数据转换为 json 格式的 str，而使用 dumps 则可以将转换后的 json 数据写入到文件中。

import json

students = [
    {'name':'zhangsan','num':'100'},
    {'name':'lisi','num':'101'}
]

with open('js.json','w') as fp:
    json.dump(students,fp)
fp.close()

这样就将转换后的 json 数据写入了 js.json 文件。

dump

def dump(obj, fp, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
        allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
        default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw):
    """Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
    ``.write()``-supporting file-like object).

    If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
    (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
    instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

    If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the strings written to ``fp`` can
    contain non-ASCII characters if they appear in strings contained in
    ``obj``. Otherwise, all such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

    If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
    for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
    result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

    If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
    serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
    in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
    JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

    If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
    object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
    level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
    representation.

    If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
    tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
    ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
    you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

    ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
    of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

    If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
    dictionaries will be sorted by key.

    To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
    ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
    the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    """
    # cached encoder
    if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
        check_circular and allow_nan and
        cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
        default is None and not sort_keys and not kw):
        iterable = _default_encoder.iterencode(obj)
    else:
        if cls is None:
            cls = JSONEncoder
        iterable = cls(skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
            check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
            separators=separators,
            default=default, sort_keys=sort_keys, **kw).iterencode(obj)
    # could accelerate with writelines in some versions of Python, at
    # a debuggability cost
    for chunk in iterable:
        fp.write(chunk)

从 JSON 到 python

将 json 字符串转换为 python 对象

import json

json_data = """
[
    {"name": "zhangsan", "num": "100"},
    {"name": "lisi", "num": "101"}
]
"""

data = json.loads(json_data,encoding='utf-8')
print(type(data))
print(data)

结果为：

<class 'list'>
[{'name': 'zhangsan', 'num': '100'}, {'name': 'lisi', 'num': '101'}]

可知，上边的代码段使用 loads 将字符串转换为了 python 中的 list。可以看出 JSON 的实质是字符串。

loads

def loads(s, *, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
        parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw):
    """Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str``, ``bytes`` or ``bytearray`` instance
    containing a JSON document) to a Python object.

    ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
    ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
    can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

    ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
    return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
    This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
    order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
    collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
    ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

    ``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
    of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
    float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
    for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).

    ``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
    of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
    int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
    for JSON integers (e.g. float).

    ``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
    following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
    This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
    are encountered.

    To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
    kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

    The ``encoding`` argument is ignored and deprecated.

    """
    if isinstance(s, str):
        if s.startswith('\ufeff'):
            raise JSONDecodeError("Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)",
                                  s, 0)
    else:
        if not isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
            raise TypeError('the JSON object must be str, bytes or bytearray, '
                            'not {!r}'.format(s.__class__.__name__))
        s = s.decode(detect_encoding(s), 'surrogatepass')

    if (cls is None and object_hook is None and
            parse_int is None and parse_float is None and
            parse_constant is None and object_pairs_hook is None and not kw):
        return _default_decoder.decode(s)
    if cls is None:
        cls = JSONDecoder
    if object_hook is not None:
        kw['object_hook'] = object_hook
    if object_pairs_hook is not None:
        kw['object_pairs_hook'] = object_pairs_hook
    if parse_float is not None:
        kw['parse_float'] = parse_float
    if parse_int is not None:
        kw['parse_int'] = parse_int
    if parse_constant is not None:
        kw['parse_constant'] = parse_constant
    return cls(**kw).decode(s)

从文件中读取 json

之前使用 loads 将 json 字符串转换为了 python 对象，而同样使用 load 则可以从文件中读取 json。

import json

with open('js.json','r',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
    json_data = json.load(fp)

print(type(json_data))
print(json_data)
fp.close()

结果为：

<class 'list'>
[{'name': 'zhangsan', 'num': '100'}, {'name': 'lisi', 'num': '101'}]

load

def load(fp, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
        parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw):
    """Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
    a JSON document) to a Python object.

    ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
    ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
    can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

    ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
    return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
    This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
    order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
    collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
    ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

    To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
    kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

    """
    return loads(fp.read(),
        cls=cls, object_hook=object_hook,
        parse_float=parse_float, parse_int=parse_int,
        parse_constant=parse_constant, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook, **kw)