mysq表的三种关系,数据的增删改以及单表多表查询
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2024-01-28 17:40:04
一丶三种关系 分析步骤: #1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id) #2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左 ......
一丶三种关系
分析步骤: #1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id) #2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id) #3、总结: #多对一: 如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表 如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表 #多对多 如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系 #一对一: 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
1.表的三种关系
(1)书和出版社
一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版很多本书.
关联方式:foreign key
create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, constraint fk_book_press foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); # 先往被关联表中插入记录 insert into press(name) values ('北京工业地雷出版社'), ('人民音乐不好听出版社'), ('知识产权没有用出版社') ; # 再往关联表中插入记录 insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九阳神功',1), ('九阴真经',2), ('九阴白骨爪',2), ('独孤九剑',3), ('降龙十巴掌',2), ('葵花宝典',3) ; 查询结果: mysql> select * from book; +----+-----------------+----------+ | id | name | press_id | +----+-----------------+----------+ | 1 | 九阳神功 | 1 | | 2 | 九阴真经 | 2 | | 3 | 九阴白骨爪 | 2 | | 4 | 独孤九剑 | 3 | | 5 | 降龙十巴掌 | 2 | | 6 | 葵花宝典 | 3 | +----+-----------------+----------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from press; +----+--------------------------------+ | id | name | +----+--------------------------------+ | 1 | 北京工业地雷出版社 | | 2 | 人民音乐不好听出版社 | | 3 | 知识产权没有用出版社 | +----+--------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)作者和书籍的关系
多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有很多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
关联方式:foreign key + 一张新的表
# 创建被关联表author表,之前的book表在讲多对一的关系已创建 create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); #这张表就存放了author表和book表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了 create table author2book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) ); #插入四个作者,id依次排开 insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('wusir'),('yuanhao'); # 每个作者的代表作 egon: 九阳神功、九阴真经、九阴白骨爪、独孤九剑、降龙十巴掌、葵花宝典 alex: 九阳神功、葵花宝典 wusir:独孤九剑、降龙十巴掌、葵花宝典 yuanhao:九阳神功 # 在author2book表中插入相应的数据 insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ; # 现在就可以查author2book对应的作者和书的关系了 mysql> select * from author2book; +----+-----------+---------+ | id | author_id | book_id | +----+-----------+---------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | 2 | | 3 | 1 | 3 | | 4 | 1 | 4 | | 5 | 1 | 5 | | 6 | 1 | 6 | | 7 | 2 | 1 | | 8 | 2 | 6 | | 9 | 3 | 4 | | 10 | 3 | 5 | | 11 | 3 | 6 | | 12 | 4 | 1 | +----+-----------+---------+ 12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(3)用户和博客
一对一:一个用户只能注册一个博客,即一对一的关系.
关联方式:foreign key + unique
#例如: 一个用户只能注册一个博客 #两张表: 用户表 (user)和 博客表(blog) # 创建用户表 create table user( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); # 创建博客表 create table blog( id int primary key auto_increment, url varchar(100), user_id int unique, constraint fk_user foreign key(user_id) references user(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); #插入用户表中的记录 insert into user(name) values ('alex'), ('wusir'), ('egon'), ('xiaoma') ; # 插入博客表的记录 insert into blog(url,user_id) values ('http://www.cnblog/alex',1), ('http://www.cnblog/wusir',2), ('http://www.cnblog/egon',3), ('http://www.cnblog/xiaoma',4) ; # 查询wusir的博客地址 select url from blog where user_id=2; 用户和博客(一对一)
二丶数据的增删改
一、 在mysql管理软件中,可以通过sql语句中的dml语言来实现数据的操作,包括 1.使用insert实现数据的插入 2.update实现数据的更新 3.使用delete实现数据的删除 4.使用select查询数据以及。 二、插入数据 insert 1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入) 语法一: insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) values(值1,值2,值3…值n); 语法二: insert into 表名 values (值1,值2,值3…值n); 2. 指定字段插入数据 语法: insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) values (值1,值2,值3…); 3. 插入多条记录 语法: insert into 表名 values (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n); 4. 插入查询结果 语法: insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) select (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) from 表2 where …; 三、更新数据update 语法: update 表名 set 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2, where condition; 示例: update mysql.user set password=password(‘123’) where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’; 四、删除数据delete 语法: delete from 表名 where conition; 示例: delete from mysql.user where password=’’;
三丶 单表查询
一、单表查询的语法 select 字段1,字段2... from 表名 where 条件 group by field having 筛选 order by field limit 限制条数 二、关键字的执行优先级(重点) 重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级 from where group by having select distinct order by limit 1.找到表:from 2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录 3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组 4.将分组的结果进行having过滤 5.执行select 6.去重 7.将结果按条件排序:order by 8.限制结果的显示条数
#创建表,设置字段的约束条件 create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int,#一个部门一个屋 depart_id int ); # 查看表结构 mysql> desc employee; +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | field | type | null | key | default | extra | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | no | pri | null | auto_increment | | emp_name | varchar(20) | no | | null | | | sex | enum('male','female') | no | | male | | | age | int(3) unsigned | no | | 28 | | | hire_date | date | no | | null | | | post | varchar(50) | yes | | null | | | post_comment | varchar(100) | yes | | null | | | salart | double(15,2) | yes | | null | | | office | int(11) | yes | | null | | | depart_id | int(11) | yes | | null | | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 10 rows in set (0.08 sec) #插入记录 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营 insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬铁','
1.where约束
where子句中可以使用 1.比较运算符:>、<、>=、<=、<>、!= 2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之间 3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30 4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符,_表示一个字符 5.逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1 :单条件查询 mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5; +----+------------+ | id | emp_name | +----+------------+ | 6 | jingliyang | | 7 | jinxin | | 8 | xiaomage | | 9 | 歪歪 | | 10 | 丫丫 | | 11 | 丁丁 | | 12 | 星星 | | 13 | 格格 | | 14 | 张野 | | 15 | 程咬金 | | 16 | 程咬银 | | 17 | 程咬铜 | | 18 | 程咬铁 | #2 多条件查询 mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000; +----------+ | emp_name | +----------+ | alex | | jinxin | +----------+ #3.关键字between and select name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000; select name,salary from employee where salary not between 10000 and 20000; #注意''是空字符串,不是null select name,post_comment from employee where post_comment=''; ps: 执行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上条查看,就会有结果了 #5:关键字in集合查询 mysql> select name,salary from employee where salary=3000 or salary=3500 or salary=4000 or salary=9000 ; +------------+---------+ | name | salary | +------------+---------+ | yuanhao | 3500.00 | | jingliyang | 9000.00 | +------------+---------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select name,salary from employee where salary in (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; +------------+---------+ | name | salary | +------------+---------+ | yuanhao | 3500.00 | | jingliyang | 9000.00 | +------------+---------+ mysql> select name,salary from employee where salary not in (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; +-----------+------------+ | name | salary | +-----------+------------+ | egon | 7300.33 | | alex | 1000000.31 | | wupeiqi | 8300.00 | | liwenzhou | 2100.00 | | jinxin | 30000.00 | | xiaomage | 10000.00 | | 歪歪 | 3000.13 | | 丫丫 | 2000.35 | | 丁丁 | 1000.37 | | 星星 | 3000.29 | | 格格 | 4000.33 | | 张野 | 10000.13 | | 程咬金 | 20000.00 | | 程咬银 | 19000.00 | | 程咬铜 | 18000.00 | | 程咬铁 | 17000.00 | +-----------+------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #6:关键字like模糊查询 通配符’%’ mysql> select * from employee where name like 'jin%'; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | null | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | null | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 通配符'_' mysql> select age from employee where name like 'ale_'; +-----+ | age | +-----+ | 78 | +-----+ row in set (0.00 sec) 练习: 1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄 2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄 3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 4. 查看岗位描述不为null的员工信息 5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪 #对应的sql语句 select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher'; select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000; select * from employee where post_comment is not null; select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000); select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000); select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%'; where约束
2.group by 分组查询
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
当执行以下sql语句的时候,是以post字段查询了组中的第一条数据,没有任何意义,因为我们现在想查出当前组的多条记录。
mysql> select * from employee group by post; +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | null | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 | | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | null | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 | | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | null | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #由于没有设置only_full_group_by,于是也可以有结果,默认都是组内的第一条记录,但其实这是没有意义的 如果想分组,则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为only_full_group_by mysql> set global sql_mode='only_full_group_by'; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) #查看mysql 5.7默认的sql_mode如下: mysql> select @@global.sql_mode; +--------------------+ | @@global.sql_mode | +--------------------+ | only_full_group_by | +--------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit;#设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效 bye
继续验证通过group by分组之后,只能查看当前字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
mysql> select * from emp group by post;# 报错 error 1054 (42s22): unknown column 'post' in 'group statement' mysql> select post from employee group by post; +-----------------------------------------+ | post | +-----------------------------------------+ | operation | | sale | | teacher | | 老同安驻沙河办事处外交大使 | +-----------------------------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.聚合函数
max()求最大值 min()求最小值 avg()求平均值 sum() 求和 count() 求总个数 #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 # 每个部门有多少个员工 select post,count(id) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的最高薪水 select post,max(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的最低薪水 select post,min(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的平均薪水 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的所有薪水 select post,sum(salary) from employee group by post;
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字 2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数 3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数 4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资 5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资 6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资 7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资 小练习
4.having过滤
having与where不一样的地方在于 #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having #1. where 发生在分组group by之前,因而where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。 #2. having发生在分组group by之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
验证: mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000; +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000; error 1463 (42000): non-grouping field 'salary' is used in having clause # 必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数,将所有的name值连接 mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ##错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段 error 1054 (42s22): unknown column 'post' in 'field list'
5.limit 限制查询的记录数:
示例: select * from employee order by salary desc limit 3; #默认初始位置为0 select * from employee order by salary desc limit 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条 select * from employee order by salary desc limit 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
# 第1页数据 mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5; +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | null | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | null | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 | | 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | null | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | null | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 | +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 第2页数据 mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | null | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | null | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 8 | xiaomage | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | null | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | null | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 | | 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | null | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 第3页数据 mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5; +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | null | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 | | 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | null | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 | | 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | null | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 | | 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | null | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 | | 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | null | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 | +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 小练习答案
6.order by 查询排序
按单列排序 select * from employee order by age; select * from employee order by age asc; select * from employee order by age desc; 按多列排序:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序 select * from employee order by age asc, id desc;
四丶多表查询
准备工作:准备两张表,部门表(department),员工表(employee)
create table department( id int, name varchar(20) ); create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int ); #插入数据 insert into department values (200,'技术'), (201,'人力资源'), (202,'销售'), (203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('egon','male',18,200), ('alex','female',48,201), ('wupeiqi','male',38,201), ('yuanhao','female',28,202), ('nvshen','male',18,200), ('xiaomage','female',18,204) ; # 查看表结构和数据 mysql> desc department; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field | type | null | key | default | extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | yes | | null | | | name | varchar(20) | yes | | null | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.19 sec) mysql> desc employee; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | field | type | null | key | default | extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | no | pri | null | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | yes | | null | | | sex | enum('male','female') | no | | male | | | age | int(11) | yes | | null | | | dep_id | int(11) | yes | | null | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from department; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from employee; +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.多表连接查询
语法:
select 字段列表 from 表1 inner|left|right join 表2 on 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
#找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果 #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 18 | male | 技术 | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) #上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
#以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有,右边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | null | +----+----------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有,左边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+---------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+---------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | null | null | 运营 | +------+---------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果 #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full join #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接 语法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union all select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id; mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | null | null | | null | null | null | null | null | 203 | 运营 | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
2.符合条件连接查询
示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25;
示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示。
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id = department.id and age > 25 order by age asc;
3.子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。 #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。 #3:子查询中可以包含:in、not in、any、all、exists 和 not exists等关键字 #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
示例:
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); # 查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名 select name from department where id not in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id);
#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee); +---------+------+ | name | age | +---------+------+ | alex | 48 | | wupeiqi | 38 | +---------+------+ #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 思路: (1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by),查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。 (2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再对根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。 (3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。 mysql> select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | alex | 48 |
#exists关字键字表示存在。在使用exists关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。true或false #当返回true时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为false时,外层查询语句不进行查询 #department表中存在dept_id=203,ture mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200); +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205,false mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204); empty set (0.00 sec)
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