详解PyTorch批训练及优化器比较
一、PyTorch批训练
1. 概述
PyTorch提供了一种将数据包装起来进行批训练的工具——DataLoader。使用的时候,只需要将我们的数据首先转换为torch的tensor形式,再转换成torch可以识别的Dataset格式,然后将Dataset放入DataLoader中就可以啦。
import torch import torch.utils.data as Data torch.manual_seed(1) # 设定随机数种子 BATCH_SIZE = 5 x = torch.linspace(1, 10, 10) y = torch.linspace(0.5, 5, 10) # 将数据转换为torch的dataset格式 torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y) # 将torch_dataset置入Dataloader中 loader = Data.DataLoader( dataset=torch_dataset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, # 批大小 # 若dataset中的样本数不能被batch_size整除的话,最后剩余多少就使用多少 shuffle=True, # 是否随机打乱顺序 num_workers=2, # 多线程读取数据的线程数 ) for epoch in range(3): for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): print('Epoch:', epoch, '|Step:', step, '|batch_x:', batch_x.numpy(), '|batch_y', batch_y.numpy()) ''''' shuffle=True Epoch: 0 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 6. 7. 2. 3. 1.] |batch_y [ 3. 3.5 1. 1.5 0.5] Epoch: 0 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 9. 10. 4. 8. 5.] |batch_y [ 4.5 5. 2. 4. 2.5] Epoch: 1 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 3. 4. 2. 9. 10.] |batch_y [ 1.5 2. 1. 4.5 5. ] Epoch: 1 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 1. 7. 8. 5. 6.] |batch_y [ 0.5 3.5 4. 2.5 3. ] Epoch: 2 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 3. 9. 2. 6. 7.] |batch_y [ 1.5 4.5 1. 3. 3.5] Epoch: 2 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 10. 4. 8. 1. 5.] |batch_y [ 5. 2. 4. 0.5 2.5] shuffle=False Epoch: 0 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1. 1.5 2. 2.5] Epoch: 0 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5. ] Epoch: 1 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1. 1.5 2. 2.5] Epoch: 1 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5. ] Epoch: 2 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1. 1.5 2. 2.5] Epoch: 2 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5. ] '''
2. TensorDataset
classtorch.utils.data.TensorDataset(data_tensor, target_tensor)
TensorDataset类用来将样本及其标签打包成torch的Dataset,data_tensor,和target_tensor都是tensor。
3. DataLoader
dataset就是Torch的Dataset格式的对象;batch_size即每批训练的样本数量,默认为;shuffle表示是否需要随机取样本;num_workers表示读取样本的线程数。
二、PyTorch的Optimizer优化器
本实验中,首先构造一组数据集,转换格式并置于DataLoader中,备用。定义一个固定结构的默认神经网络,然后为每个优化器构建一个神经网络,每个神经网络的区别仅仅是优化器不同。通过记录训练过程中的loss值,最后在图像上呈现得到各个优化器的优化过程。
代码实现:
import torch import torch.utils.data as Data import torch.nn.functional as F from torch.autograd import Variable import matplotlib.pyplot as plt torch.manual_seed(1) # 设定随机数种子 # 定义超参数 LR = 0.01 # 学习率 BATCH_SIZE = 32 # 批大小 EPOCH = 12 # 迭代次数 x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, 1000), dim=1) y = x.pow(2) + 0.1*torch.normal(torch.zeros(*x.size())) #plt.scatter(x.numpy(), y.numpy()) #plt.show() # 将数据转换为torch的dataset格式 torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y) # 将torch_dataset置入Dataloader中 loader = Data.DataLoader(dataset=torch_dataset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True, num_workers=2) class Net(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(Net, self).__init__() self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(1, 20) self.predict = torch.nn.Linear(20, 1) def forward(self, x): x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) x = self.predict(x) return x # 为每个优化器创建一个Net net_SGD = Net() net_Momentum = Net() net_RMSprop = Net() net_Adam = Net() nets = [net_SGD, net_Momentum, net_RMSprop, net_Adam] # 初始化优化器 opt_SGD = torch.optim.SGD(net_SGD.parameters(), lr=LR) opt_Momentum = torch.optim.SGD(net_Momentum.parameters(), lr=LR, momentum=0.8) opt_RMSprop = torch.optim.RMSprop(net_RMSprop.parameters(), lr=LR, alpha=0.9) opt_Adam = torch.optim.Adam(net_Adam.parameters(), lr=LR, betas=(0.9, 0.99)) optimizers = [opt_SGD, opt_Momentum, opt_RMSprop, opt_Adam] # 定义损失函数 loss_function = torch.nn.MSELoss() losses_history = [[], [], [], []] # 记录training时不同神经网络的loss值 for epoch in range(EPOCH): print('Epoch:', epoch + 1, 'Training...') for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): b_x = Variable(batch_x) b_y = Variable(batch_y) for net, opt, l_his in zip(nets, optimizers, losses_history): output = net(b_x) loss = loss_function(output, b_y) opt.zero_grad() loss.backward() opt.step() l_his.append(loss.data[0]) labels = ['SGD', 'Momentum', 'RMSprop', 'Adam'] for i, l_his in enumerate(losses_history): plt.plot(l_his, label=labels[i]) plt.legend(loc='best') plt.xlabel('Steps') plt.ylabel('Loss') plt.ylim((0, 0.2)) plt.show()
实验结果:
由实验结果可见,SGD的优化效果是最差的,速度很慢;作为SGD的改良版本,Momentum表现就好许多;相比RMSprop和Adam的优化速度就非常好。实验中,针对不同的优化问题,比较各个优化器的效果再来决定使用哪个。
三、其他补充
1. Python的zip函数
zip函数接受任意多个(包括0个和1个)序列作为参数,返回一个tuple列表。
x = [1, 2, 3] y = [4, 5, 6] z = [7, 8, 9] xyz = zip(x, y, z) print xyz [(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)] x = [1, 2, 3] x = zip(x) print x [(1,), (2,), (3,)] x = [1, 2, 3] y = [4, 5, 6, 7] xy = zip(x, y) print xy [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
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