Python中class类的属性和方法讲解
◆ 静态方法:
通过@staticmethod装饰器即可把其装饰的方法变为一个静态方法。普通的方法,可以在实例化后直接调用,并且在方法里可以通过self.调用实例变量或类变量。静态方法是不可以访问实例变量或类变量的,它与类唯一的关联就是需要通过类名来调用这个方法。
class Dog(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name @staticmethod #把eat方法变为静态方法 def eat(self): print("%s is eating" % self.name) d = Dog("ChenRonghua") d.eat()
上面的调用会出以下错误,说是eat需要一个self参数,但调用时却没有传递,没错,当eat变成静态方法后,再通过实例调用时就不会自动把实例本身当作一个参数传给self了。
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/静态方法.py", line 17, in d.eat() TypeError: eat() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
想让上面的代码可以正常工作有两种办法
调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,即d.eat(d)
在eat方法中去掉self参数,但这也意味着,在eat中不能通过self.调用实例中的其它变量了
◆ 类方法:
类方法通过@classmethod装饰器实现,类方法和普通方法的区别是, 类方法只能访问类变量,不能访问实例变量
class Dog(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name @classmethod def eat(self): print("%s is eating" % self.name) d = Dog("ChenRonghua") d.eat()
执行报错如下,说Dog没有name属性,因为name是个实例变量,类方法是不能访问实例变量的
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/类方法.py", line 16, in d.eat() File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/类方法.py", line 11, in eat print("%s is eating" % self.name) AttributeError: type object 'Dog' has no attribute 'name'
此时可以定义一个类变量,也叫name,看下执行效果
class Dog(object): name = "我是类变量" def __init__(self,name): self.name = name @classmethod def eat(self): print("%s is eating" % self.name) d = Dog("ChenRonghua") d.eat() #执行结果 我是类变量 is eating
◆ 属性方法:
通过@property把一个方法变成一个静态属性
class Dog(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name @property def eat(self): print(" %s is eating" %self.name) d = Dog("ChenRonghua") d.eat()
调用会出以下错误, 说NoneType is not callable, 因为eat此时已经变成一个静态属性了, 不是方法了, 想调用已经不需要加()号了,直接d.eat就可以了
Traceback (most recent call last): ChenRonghua is eating File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/属性方法.py", line 16, in d.eat() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
正常调用如下
d = Dog("ChenRonghua") d.eat 输出 ChenRonghua is eating
★ 属性方法的场景:
想知道一个航班当前的状态,是到达了、延迟了、取消了、还是已经飞走了, 想知道这种状态你必须经历以下几步:
1. 连接航空公司API查询 2. 对查询结果进行解析 3. 返回结果给你的用户
因此这个status属性的值是一系列动作后才得到的结果,所以每次调用时,都要经过一系列的动作才返回结果,但这些动作过程不需要用户关心,用户只需要调用这个属性就可以。
class Flight(object): def __init__(self,name): self.flight_name = name def checking_status(self): print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name) return 1 @property def flight_status(self): status = self.checking_status() if status == 0 : print("flight got canceled...") elif status == 1 : print("flight is arrived...") elif status == 2: print("flight has departured already...") else: print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later") f = Flight("CA980") f.flight_status
如果需要更改这个属性,需要通过@proerty.setter装饰器再装饰一下。写一个新方法, 对这个flight_status进行更改:
class Flight(object): def __init__(self,name): self.flight_name = name def checking_status(self): print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name) return 1 @property def flight_status(self): status = self.checking_status() if status == 0 : print("flight got canceled...") elif status == 1 : print("flight is arrived...") elif status == 2: print("flight has departured already...") else: print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later") @flight_status.setter #修改 def flight_status(self,status): status_dic = { : "canceled", :"arrived", : "departured" } print("\033[31;1mHas changed the flight status to \033[0m",status_dic.get(status) ) @flight_status.deleter #删除 def flight_status(self): print("status got removed...") f = Flight("CA980") f.flight_status f.flight_status = 2 #触发@flight_status.setter del f.flight_status #触发@flight_status.deleter