JSP动态网页开发原理详解
一、什么是jsp?
jsp全称是java server pages,它和servle技术一样,都是sun公司定义的一种用于开发动态web资源的技术。
jsp这门技术的最大的特点在于,写jsp就像在写html,但它相比html而言,html只能为用户提供静态数据,而jsp技术允许在页面中嵌套java代码,为用户提供动态数据。
二、jsp原理
2.1、web服务器是如何调用并执行一个jsp页面的?
浏览器向服务器发请求,不管访问的是什么资源,其实都是在访问servlet,所以当访问一个jsp页面时,其实也是在访问一个servlet,服务器在执行jsp的时候,首先把jsp翻译成一个servlet,所以我们访问jsp时,其实不是在访问jsp,而是在访问jsp翻译过后的那个servlet,例如下面的代码:
index.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageencoding="utf-8"%> <% string path = request.getcontextpath(); string basepath = request.getscheme()+"://"+request.getservername()+":"+request.getserverport()+path+"/"; %> <!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basepath%>" rel="external nofollow" > <title>first jsp</title> </head> <body> <% out.print("hello jsp"); %> </body> </html>
当我们通过浏览器访问index.jsp时,服务器首先将index.jsp翻译成一个index_jsp.class,在tomcat服务器的work\catalina\localhost\项目名\org\apache\jsp目录下可以看到index_jsp.class的源代码文件index_jsp.java,index_jsp.java的代码如下:
package org.apache.jsp; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import javax.servlet.jsp.*; import java.util.*; public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.httpjspbase implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.jspsourcedependent { private static final jspfactory _jspxfactory = jspfactory.getdefaultfactory(); private static java.util.list _jspx_dependants; private javax.el.expressionfactory _el_expressionfactory; private org.apache.annotationprocessor _jsp_annotationprocessor; public object getdependants() { return _jspx_dependants; } public void _jspinit() { _el_expressionfactory = _jspxfactory.getjspapplicationcontext(getservletconfig().getservletcontext()).getexpressionfactory(); _jsp_annotationprocessor = (org.apache.annotationprocessor) getservletconfig().getservletcontext().getattribute(org.apache.annotationprocessor.class.getname()); } public void _jspdestroy() { } public void _jspservice(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws java.io.ioexception, servletexception { pagecontext pagecontext = null; httpsession session = null; servletcontext application = null; servletconfig config = null; jspwriter out = null; object page = this; jspwriter _jspx_out = null; pagecontext _jspx_page_context = null; try { response.setcontenttype("text/html;charset=utf-8"); pagecontext = _jspxfactory.getpagecontext(this, request, response, null, true, 8192, true); _jspx_page_context = pagecontext; application = pagecontext.getservletcontext(); config = pagecontext.getservletconfig(); session = pagecontext.getsession(); out = pagecontext.getout(); _jspx_out = out; out.write('\r'); out.write('\n'); string path = request.getcontextpath(); string basepath = request.getscheme()+"://"+request.getservername()+":"+request.getserverport()+path+"/"; out.write("\r\n"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write("<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en\">\r\n"); out.write("<html>\r\n"); out.write(" <head>\r\n"); out.write(" <base href=\""); out.print(basepath); out.write("\">\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <title>first jsp</title>\r\n"); out.write("\t\r\n"); out.write(" </head>\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <body>\r\n"); out.write(" "); out.print("hello jsp"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write(" </body>\r\n"); out.write("</html>\r\n"); } catch (throwable t) { if (!(t instanceof skippageexception)){ out = _jspx_out; if (out != null && out.getbuffersize() != 0) try { out.clearbuffer(); } catch (java.io.ioexception e) {} if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlepageexception(t); } } finally { _jspxfactory.releasepagecontext(_jspx_page_context); } } }
我们可以看到,index_jsp这个类是继承 org.apache.jasper.runtime.httpjspbase这个类的,通过查看tomcat服务器的源代码,可以知道在apache-tomcat-6.0.20-src\java\org\apache\jasper\runtime目录下存httpjspbase这个类的源代码文件,如下图所示:
我们可以看看httpjsbase这个类的源代码,如下所示:
/* * licensed to the apache software foundation (asf) under one or more * contributor license agreements. see the notice file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * the asf licenses this file to you under the apache license, version 2.0 * (the "license"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the license. you may obtain a copy of the license at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/license-2.0 * * unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the license is distributed on an "as is" basis, * without warranties or conditions of any kind, either express or implied. * see the license for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the license. */ package org.apache.jasper.runtime; import java.io.ioexception; import javax.servlet.servletconfig; import javax.servlet.servletexception; import javax.servlet.http.httpservlet; import javax.servlet.http.httpservletrequest; import javax.servlet.http.httpservletresponse; import javax.servlet.jsp.httpjsppage; import javax.servlet.jsp.jspfactory; import org.apache.jasper.compiler.localizer; /** * this is the super class of all jsp-generated servlets. * * @author anil k. vijendran */ public abstract class httpjspbase extends httpservlet implements httpjsppage { protected httpjspbase() { } public final void init(servletconfig config) throws servletexception { super.init(config); jspinit(); _jspinit(); } public string getservletinfo() { return localizer.getmessage("jsp.engine.info"); } public final void destroy() { jspdestroy(); _jspdestroy(); } /** * entry point into service. */ public final void service(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws servletexception, ioexception { _jspservice(request, response); } public void jspinit() { } public void _jspinit() { } public void jspdestroy() { } protected void _jspdestroy() { } public abstract void _jspservice(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws servletexception, ioexception; }
httpjspbase类是继承httpservlet的,所以httpjspbase类是一个servlet,而index_jsp又是继承httpjspbase类的,所以index_jsp类也是一个servlet,所以当浏览器访问服务器上的index.jsp页面时,其实就是在访问index_jsp这个servlet,index_jsp这个servlet使用_jspservice这个方法处理请求。
2.2、jsp页面中的html排版标签是如何被发送到客户端的?
浏览器接收到的这些数据
<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <base href="http://localhost:8080/javaweb_jsp_study_20140603/" rel="external nofollow" > <title>first jsp</title> </head> <body> hello jsp </body> </html>
都是在_jspservice方法中使用如下的代码输出给浏览器的:
out.write('\r'); out.write('\n'); string path = request.getcontextpath(); string basepath = request.getscheme()+"://"+request.getservername()+":"+request.getserverport()+path+"/"; out.write("\r\n"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write("<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en\">\r\n"); out.write("<html>\r\n"); out.write(" <head>\r\n"); out.write(" <base href=\""); out.print(basepath); out.write("\">\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <title>first jsp</title>\r\n"); out.write("\t\r\n"); out.write(" </head>\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <body>\r\n"); out.write(" "); out.print("hello jsp"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write(" </body>\r\n"); out.write("</html>\r\n");
在jsp中编写的java代码和html代码都会被翻译到_jspservice方法中去,在jsp中编写的java代码会原封不动地翻译成java代码,如<%out.print("hello jsp");%>直接翻译成out.print("hello jsp");,而html代码则会翻译成使用out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器。在jsp页面中编写的html排版标签都是以out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器,浏览器拿到html代码后才能够解析执行html代码。
2.3、jsp页面中的java代码服务器是如何执行的?
在jsp中编写的java代码会被翻译到_jspservice方法中去,当执行_jspservice方法处理请求时,就会执行在jsp编写的java代码了,所以jsp页面中的java代码服务器是通过调用_jspservice方法处理请求时执行的。
2.4、web服务器在调用jsp时,会给jsp提供一些什么java对象?
查看_jspservice方法可以看到,web服务器在调用jsp时,会给jsp提供如下的8个java对象
pagecontext pagecontext; httpsession session; servletcontext application; servletconfig config; jspwriter out; object page = this; httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response
其中page对象,request和response已经完成了实例化,而其它5个没有实例化的对象通过下面的方式实例化
pagecontext = _jspxfactory.getpagecontext(this, request, response,null, true, 8192, true); application = pagecontext.getservletcontext(); config = pagecontext.getservletconfig(); session = pagecontext.getsession(); out = pagecontext.getout();
这8个java对象在jsp页面中是可以直接使用的,如下所示:
<% session.setattribute("name", "session对象");//使用session对象,设置session对象的属性 out.print(session.getattribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取session对象的属性 pagecontext.setattribute("name", "pagecontext对象");//使用pagecontext对象,设置pagecontext对象的属性 out.print(pagecontext.getattribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取pagecontext对象的属性 application.setattribute("name", "application对象");//使用application对象,设置application对象的属性 out.print(application.getattribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取application对象的属性 out.print("hello jsp"+"<br/>");//使用out对象 out.print("服务器调用index.jsp页面时翻译成的类的名字是:"+page.getclass()+"<br/>");//使用page对象 out.print("处理请求的servlet的名字是:"+config.getservletname()+"<br/>");//使用config对象 out.print(response.getcontenttype()+"<br/>");//使用response对象 out.print(request.getcontextpath()+"<br/>");//使用request对象 %>
运行结果如下:
2.5、jsp最佳实践
jsp最佳实践就是jsp技术在开发中该怎么去用。
不管是jsp还是servlet,虽然都可以用于开发动态web资源。但由于这2门技术各自的特点,在长期的软件实践中,人们逐渐把servlet作为web应用中的控制器组件来使用,而把jsp技术作为数据显示模板来使用。其原因为,程序的数据通常要美化后再输出:让jsp既用java代码产生动态数据,又做美化会导致页面难以维护。让servlet既产生数据,又在里面嵌套html代码美化数据,同样也会导致程序可读性差,难以维护。因此最好的办法就是根据这两门技术的特点,让它们各自负责各的,servlet只负责响应请求产生数据,并把数据通过转发技术带给jsp,数据的显示jsp来做。
2.6、tomcat服务器的执行流程
第一次执行:
- 客户端通过电脑连接服务器,因为是请求是动态的,所以所有的请求交给web容器来处理
- 在容器中找到需要执行的*.jsp文件
- 之后*.jsp文件通过转换变为*.java文件
- *.java文件经过编译后,形成*.class文件
- 最终服务器要执行形成的*.class文件
第二次执行:
因为已经存在了*.class文件,所以不在需要转换和编译的过程
修改后执行:
1.源文件已经被修改过了,所以需要重新转换,重新编译。
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