编译原理入门——什么是编译器？

什么是编译器？

编译器告诉计算机该怎么去理解我们编写的代码。我们编写的高级语言大致分为两种：

解释型：像Python，可以写一句执行一句；

编译型：像C，需要经过编译成.exe文件才能运行。

因此，编译器又分两种：

1. interpreter，解释器，不用将源代码翻译成机器语言，而是直接处理和运行源代码。
2. compiler，编译器，将源代码翻译成机器语言然后运行，一般运行速度比解释器运行速度快一点。

编译器示例

举一个最简单的编译器例子：只接收正整数和“+”“-”，完成加减法，解释运行，计算机最后给出结果。

#
# EOF (end-of-file) token is used to indicate that
# there is no more input left for lexical analysis
INTEGER, PLUS, MINUS, EOF = 'INTEGER', 'PLUS', 'MINUS', 'EOF'


class Token(object):
    def __init__(self, type, value):
        # token type: INTEGER, PLUS, MINUS, or EOF
        self.type = type
        # token value: non-negative integer value, '+', '-', or None
        self.value = value

    def __str__(self):
        """String representation of the class instance.

        Examples:
            Token(INTEGER, 3)
            Token(PLUS, '+')
        """
        return 'Token({type}, {value})'.format(
            type=self.type,
            value=repr(self.value)
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__str__()


class Interpreter(object):
    def __init__(self, text):
        # client string input, e.g. "3 + 5", "12 - 5 + 3", etc
        self.text = text
        # self.pos is an index into self.text
        self.pos = 0
        # current token instance
        self.current_token = None
        self.current_char = self.text[self.pos]

    ##########################################################
    # Lexer code                                             #
    ##########################################################
    def error(self):
        raise Exception('Invalid syntax')

    def advance(self):
        """Advance the `pos` pointer and set the `current_char` variable."""
        self.pos += 1
        if self.pos > len(self.text) - 1:
            self.current_char = None  # Indicates end of input
        else:
            self.current_char = self.text[self.pos]

    def skip_whitespace(self):
        while self.current_char is not None and self.current_char.isspace():
            self.advance()

    def integer(self):
        """Return a (multidigit) integer consumed from the input."""
        result = ''
        while self.current_char is not None and self.current_char.isdigit():
            result += self.current_char
            self.advance()
        return int(result)

    def get_next_token(self):
        """Lexical analyzer (also known as scanner or tokenizer)

        This method is responsible for breaking a sentence
        apart into tokens. One token at a time.
        """
        while self.current_char is not None:

            if self.current_char.isspace():
                self.skip_whitespace()
                continue

            if self.current_char.isdigit():
                return Token(INTEGER, self.integer())

            if self.current_char == '+':
                self.advance()
                return Token(PLUS, '+')

            if self.current_char == '-':
                self.advance()
                return Token(MINUS, '-')

            self.error()

        return Token(EOF, None)

##########################################################
    # Parser / Interpreter code                              #
    ##########################################################
    def eat(self, token_type):
        # compare the current token type with the passed token
        # type and if they match then "eat" the current token
        # and assign the next token to the self.current_token,
        # otherwise raise an exception.
        if self.current_token.type == token_type:
            self.current_token = self.get_next_token()
        else:
            self.error()

    def term(self):
        """Return an INTEGER token value."""
        token = self.current_token
        self.eat(INTEGER)
        return token.value

    def expr(self):
        """Arithmetic expression parser / interpreter."""
        # set current token to the first token taken from the input
        self.current_token = self.get_next_token()

        result = self.term()
        while self.current_token.type in (PLUS, MINUS):
            token = self.current_token
            if token.type == PLUS:
                self.eat(PLUS)
                result = result + self.term()
            elif token.type == MINUS:
                self.eat(MINUS)
                result = result - self.term()

        return result


def main():
    while True:
        try:
            # To run under Python3 replace 'raw_input' call
            # with 'input'
            text = input('calc> ')
        except EOFError:
            break
        if not text:
            continue
        interpreter = Interpreter(text)
        result = interpreter.expr()
        print(result)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

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运行结果：

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参考资源：

https://ruslanspivak.com/lsbasi-part1/

中国科技大学《编译原理》，华保健