如何搭建 MySQL 高可用高性能集群

• mysql ndb cluster 是什么
  
• 部署 sql 服务
  

mysql ndb cluster 是什么

mysql ndb cluster 是 mysql 的一个高可用、高冗余版本，适用于分布式计算环境。

搭建集群的前置工作

至少准备 3 台服务器，一台作为管理服务器，两台作为数据服务器和 sql 服务器，当然有更多的服务器会更好。

管理服务器mgm：192.168.0.105
数据服务器ndb1：192.168.0.106
数据服务器ndb2：192.168.0.104
sql服务器：192.168.0.106
sql服务器：192.168.0.104

开始部署集群

首先下载 mysql ndb cluster二进制文件，解压缩后开始下面的步骤。

部署管理服务器

更新系统

apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && apt install libncurses5 -y

复制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到管理服务器

scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndb_mgm* mgm@192.168.0.105:/home/mgm

在管理服务器复制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夹

cp -rfv /home/mgm/ndb_mgm* /usr/local/bin

赋予 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 可执行权限

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndb_mgm*

添加配置文件

mkdir /var/lib/mysql-cluster
vi /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini

config.ini

[ndbd default]
# options affecting ndbd processes on all data nodes:
noofreplicas=2                     # number of fragment replicas
datamemory=98m                     # how much memory to allocate for data storage

[ndb_mgmd]
# management process options:
hostname=192.168.0.105             # hostname or ip address of management node
nodeid=1                           # node id for this management node
datadir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster     # directory for management node log files

[ndbd]
# options for data node "a":
                                  # (one [ndbd] section per data node)
hostname=192.168.0.104            # hostname or ip address
nodeid=2                          # node id for this data node
datadir=/data/mysql-cluster/data          # directory for this data node's data files

[ndbd]
# options for data node "b”:
                                # (one [ndbd] section per data node)
hostname=192.168.0.106          # hostname or ip address
nodeid=3                        # node id for this data node
datadir=/data/mysql-cluster/data        # directory for this data node's data files

[mysqld]
# sql node options:
hostname=192.168.0.104       # hostname or ip address
                             # (additional mysqld connections can be
                             # specified for this node for various
                             # purposes such as running ndb_restore)

[mysqld]
# sql node options:
hostname=192.168.0.106       # hostname or ip address
                             # (additional mysqld connections can be
                             # specified for this node for various
                             # purposes such as running ndb_restore)

开启防火墙，集群管理服务默认使用 1186 端口

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 1186
ufw enable

初始化并启动管理服务器

cd /usr/local/bin/
ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1

当出现以下结果的时候，表示管理服务器已经启动成功了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1
mysql cluster management server mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17

我们再执行 ndb_mgm 命令，可以查看当前集群的状态

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)]	2 node(s)
id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)]	1 node(s)
id=1	@192.168.0.105  (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)]	2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

部署数据服务器

在所有数据服务器上执行以下操作

更新系统

apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && apt install libncurses5 -y

开启防火墙

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 2202
ufw enable

复制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到数据服务器

#复制到192.168.0.106
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1

#复制到192.168.0.104
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2

在管理服务器复制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夹

#192.168.0.106
cp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbd /usr/local/bin
cp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin

#192.168.0.104
cp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbd /usr/local/bin
cp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin

赋予 ndbd 可执行权限

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbd
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbmtd

在/etc下加入my.cnf文件

vi /etc/my.cnf

my.cnf文件

[mysqld]
# options for mysqld process:
ndbcluster                        # run ndb storage engine

[mysql_cluster]
# options for ndb cluster processes:
ndb-connectstring=192.168.0.105  # location of management server

创建数据保存的目录，必须与管理服务配置的路径一致

mkdir -p /data/mysql-cluster/data

启动数据服务

root@ndb1:/usr/local/bin# ndbd
2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] info     -- angel connected to '192.168.0.105:1186'
2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] info     -- angel allocated nodeid: 3

回到集群管理服务器查看集群状态，此时可以看到数据服务已经连接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, starting, nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

在另一台服务器（192.168.0.104）重复 4、5、6、7 步骤的操作，结果可看到

root@ndb2:/usr/local/bin# ndbd
2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] info -- angel connected to '192.168.0.105:1186'
2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] info -- angel allocated nodeid: 2

回到集群管理服务器查看集群状态，此时可以看到所有数据服务已经连接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)
在目录/data/mysql/data下面可以看到数据服务已经产生了数据
root@ndb1:~# ls /data/mysql/data/
ndb_3_fs ndb_3_out.log ndb_3.pid

部署 sql 服务

复制 mysql 到sql服务器

scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1

解压缩 mysql, 然后复制到/usr/local目录

tar -zxvf mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
cp -rfv mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/
ln -snf /usr/local/mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql

cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server
export path=$path:/usr/local/mysql/bin
source /etc/profile

开启防火墙

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 3306
ufw enable

创建 mysql 数据存放的目录

mkdir -p /data/mysql/data
mkdir -p /data/mysql/run
mkdir -p /var/log/mysql

创建 mysql 用户，创建相关目录

groupadd mysql
useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/data
chmod 750 /data/mysql/data

chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/run
chmod 750 /data/mysql/run

chown mysql:mysql /var/log/mysql
chmod 750 /var/log/mysql

创建 mysql 配置文件

mkdir -p /etc/mysql
vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
my.cnf
[mysqld]
# options for mysqld process:
ndbcluster # run ndb storage engine

pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock
datadir = /data/mysql/data
# log-error = /var/log/mysql/error.log
# by default we only accept connections from localhost
bind-address = 192.168.0.106
# disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links = 0

[mysql_cluster]
# options for ndb cluster processes:
ndb-connectstring = 192.168.0.105 # location of management server

[client]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock

初始化mysql

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql

记录下 mysql 初始化生成的 root 用户密码 sf#hy,iut6d#

root@ndb1:~# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
2021-06-20t12:23:26.874302z 0 [warning] timestamp with implicit default value is deprecated. please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-06-20t12:23:27.102146z 0 [warning] innodb: new log files created, lsn=45790
2021-06-20t12:23:27.145317z 0 [warning] innodb: creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-06-20t12:23:27.154405z 0 [warning] no existing uuid has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. generating a new uuid: 50a15854-d1c2-11eb-9792-000c29681e23.
2021-06-20t12:23:27.155927z 0 [warning] gtid table is not ready to be used. table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-06-20t12:23:28.339372z 0 [warning] ca certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-06-20t12:23:28.624534z 1 [note] a temporary password is generated for root@localhost: sf#hy,iut6d#

启动mysql

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

修改 root 用户密码

mysqladmin -uroot -p'sf#hy,iut6d#' password '123456'

回到集群管理服务器查看集群状态，此时可以看到有一个 sql 服务已经连接上了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

在另一台服务器（192.168.0.104）部署 sql 服务，回到集群管理服务器查看集群状态，此时可以看到所有 sql 服务已经连接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

所有集群服务部署完毕，我们来测试一下集群是否真的部署成功

在 192.168.0.106 的 mysql 上创建数据库和表

create database `wechat`;
create table wechat.user (
column1 varchar(100) null,
column2 varchar(100) null
)
engine=ndbcluster
default charset=utf8mb4
collate=utf8mb4_general_ci;
插入数据并查看
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| ndbinfo |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| wechat |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
empty set (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert wechat.user (column1, column2) value ('1', '2');
query ok, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在另一个 sql 服务器查询，结果是成功的

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| ndbinfo |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| wechat |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
empty set (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

现在我们把其中一个数据节点关掉，在管理服务器我们看到 ndbd已经关闭一个了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

写入一笔数据

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into wechat.user (column1, column2) value ('3', '4');
query ok, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在另一台 sql 服务器查询，结果还是一致的

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我们再关闭 192.168.0.106 sql服务

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

在 192.168.0.104 的 sql 服务写入一笔数据

mysql> insert into wechat.user (column1, column2) value ('5', '6');
query ok, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 5 | 6 |
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

启动 192.168.0.106 的数据服务和sql服务

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- ndb cluster -- management client --
ndb_mgm> show
connected to management server at: localhost:1186
cluster configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(ndb)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(mgm)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(api)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

在 192.168.0.106 查询数据库发现，发生故障期间产生的数据已经同步了过来

root@ndb1:~# mysql -uroot -p
enter password:
welcome to the mysql monitor. commands end with ; or \g.
your mysql connection id is 4
server version: 5.7.33-ndb-7.6.17-cluster-gpl mysql cluster community server (gpl)

copyright (c) 2000, 2021, oracle and/or its affiliates.

oracle is a registered trademark of oracle corporation and/or its
affiliates. other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

type 'help;' or '\h' for help. type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| column1 | column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
| 5 | 6 |
| 3 | 4 |
+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.08 sec)

数据库集群部署成功了，总结一下集群的注意事项

1. 创建表的时候，需要设置engine=ndbcluster，具体请看上面的建表脚本。
2. 每个 sql 服务需要创建一样的用户密码
3. 管理服务器不能全部发生故障，否则集群数据库操作失败。
4. 数据服务器不能全部发生故障，否则集群数据库操作失败。
5. sql 服务器发生故障期间建立的数据库，在恢复后不会自动同步新建数据库过来，需要手动在故障恢复后的服务器上创建同名数据库，之后数据才会自动同步过来。
6. 只要管理服务器和数据服务器越多，故障发生时，才能保证数据安全的写入，才不会导致数据库系统不可用。
7. sql 服务器越多，把数据库访问的请求通过负载均衡服务分摊到各个 sql 服务器，才能承受更多的并发量。
8. 集群启动必须按照以下顺序依次启动，管理服务->数据服务->sql服务。

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