教你用python实现12306余票查询
python实现12306余票查询
我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(f12),尝试一次余票的查询,通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包
余票查询界面
可以看到红框框中的url就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求,那么具体是什么呢?我们来看看
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?leftticketdto.train_date=2019-01-21&leftticketdto.from_station=cdw&leftticketdto.to_station=szq&purpose_codes=adult](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?leftticketdto.train_date=2019-01-21&leftticketdto.from_station=cdw&leftticketdto.to_station=szq&purpose_codes=adult)
可以看到发出请求的几个字段:
leftticketdto.train_date:查询的日期
leftticketdto.from_station:查询的出发地
leftticketdto.to_station:查询的目的地
purpose_codes:不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的,就默认吧
可以从我们递交的url请求看出,我们输入的成都,深圳都变成了对应的编号,比如,成都(cdw)、深圳(szq),所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理,12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档:
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971)
站点编码对应
下面我们就编写一个小程序,将这些城市名与编号提取出来:
import re,requests url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971" response = requests.get(url,verify=false) #将车站的名字和编码进行提取 chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([a-z]+)', response.text) chezhan_code = dict(chezhan) #进行交换 chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys())) #打印出得到的车站字典 print(chezhan_names)
得到的打印结果如下(只截取部分显示):
{‘vap': ‘北京北', ‘bop': ‘北京东', ‘bjp': ‘北京', ‘vnp': ‘北京南', ‘bxp': ‘北京西', ‘izq':
‘广州南', ‘cuw': ‘重庆北', ‘cqw': ‘重庆', ‘crw': ‘重庆南', ‘cxw': ‘重庆西', ‘ggq': ‘广州东',
‘shh': ‘上海', ‘snh': ‘上海南', ‘aoh': ‘上海虹桥', ‘sxh': ‘上海西', ‘tbp': ‘天津北', ‘tjp':
‘天津', ‘tip': ‘天津南', ‘txp': ‘天津西', ‘xja': ‘香港西九龙', ‘cct': ‘长春', ‘cet': ‘长春南',
‘crt': ‘长春西', ‘icw': ‘成都东', ‘cnw': ‘成都南', ‘cdw': ‘成都', ‘csq': ‘长沙', ‘cwq':
‘长沙南',}
接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写:
def main(): date = input("请输入时间(如2019-01-22):\n") from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")] to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")] url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?" headers = { "user-agent": "mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 6.1; wow64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/63.0.3239.26 safari/537.36 core/1.63.5702.400 qqbrowser/10.2.1893.400" } url=url+"leftticketdto.train_date="+date+"&leftticketdto.from_station="+from_station+"&leftticketdto.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=adult" #print(url) 已经检查过生成的url是正确的 #request请求获取主页 r = requests.get(url,headers=headers) r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常 r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding showticket(r.text)
用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点,然后通过get来请求,然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印,看看我们请求之后,返回了什么样的信息,然后决定我们应该如何解析
运行结果
这样看着不方便,我们粘贴到记事本中,进行详细的分析:
请求返回的结果信息
可以与12306显示的信息进行对比,k829是车次,cdw与bjq是出发地和目的地,10:10是出发时间,06:13是到达时间,44:21是历时时间,20190123为查询的日期,剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。
下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析,其实这也是python爬虫的关键,就是解析!!!
我们先把信息转化为json格式,可以看到都是用“|”隔开的,那么我们就用split函数分割出来,下面是主要功能代码:
def showticket(html): html = json.loads(html) table = prettytable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"]) for i in html['data']['result']: name = [ "station_train_code", "from_station_name", "to_station_name", "start_time", "arrive_time", "lishi", "swz_num", "zy_num", "ze_num", "dw_num", "gr_num", "rw_num", "yw_num", "rz_num", "yz_num", "wz_num", "qt_num", "note_num" ] data = { "station_train_code": '', "from_station_name": '', "to_station_name": '', "start_time": '', "arrive_time": '', "lishi": '', "swz_num": '', "zy_num": '', "ze_num": '', "dw_num": '', "gr_num": '', "rw_num": '', "yw_num": '', "rz_num": '', "yz_num": '', "wz_num": '', "qt_num": '', "note_num": '' } #将各项信息提取并赋值 item = i.split('|') #使用“|”进行分割 data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息,在3号位置 data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置 data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置 data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置 data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置 data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置 data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置 data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置 data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置 data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置 data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置 data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置 data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置 data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置 data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置 data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置 data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置 data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置 color = colored() data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1]) #如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替 for pos in name: if data[pos] == "": data[pos] = "-" tickets = [] cont = [] cont.append(data) for x in cont: tmp = [] for y in name: if y == "from_station_name": s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "to_station_name": s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "start_time": s = color.green(data["start_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "arrive_time": s = color.red(data["arrive_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "station_train_code": s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"]) tmp.append(s) else: tmp.append(data[y]) tickets.append(tmp) for ticket in tickets: table.add_row(ticket) print(table)
那么我们程序就成功啦!!!
运行结果
但是在编译器里面prettytable的格子没有对齐,不要担心,我们到终端运行一下脚本,就可以看到很好看的输出啦:
终端运行结果
完成!!!下面是完整代码
main.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import re,requests,datetime,time,json from prettytable import prettytable from colorama import init,fore from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names init(autoreset=false) class colored(object): def yeah(self,s): return fore.lightcyan_ex + s + fore.reset def green(self,s): return fore.lightgreen_ex + s + fore.reset def yellow(self,s): return fore.lightyellow_ex + s + fore.reset def white(self,s): return fore.lightwhite_ex + s + fore.reset def blue(self,s): return fore.lightblue_ex + s + fore.reset def showticket(html): html = json.loads(html) table = prettytable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"]) for i in html['data']['result']: name = [ "station_train_code", "from_station_name", "to_station_name", "start_time", "arrive_time", "lishi", "swz_num", "zy_num", "ze_num", "dw_num", "gr_num", "rw_num", "yw_num", "rz_num", "yz_num", "wz_num", "qt_num", "note_num" ] data = { "station_train_code": '', "from_station_name": '', "to_station_name": '', "start_time": '', "arrive_time": '', "lishi": '', "swz_num": '', "zy_num": '', "ze_num": '', "dw_num": '', "gr_num": '', "rw_num": '', "yw_num": '', "rz_num": '', "yz_num": '', "wz_num": '', "qt_num": '', "note_num": '' } #将各项信息提取并赋值 item = i.split('|') #使用“|”进行分割 data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息,在3号位置 data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置 data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置 data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置 data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置 data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置 data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置 data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置 data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置 data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置 data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置 data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置 data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置 data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置 data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置 data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置 data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置 data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置 color = colored() data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1]) #如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替 for pos in name: if data[pos] == "": data[pos] = "-" tickets = [] cont = [] cont.append(data) for x in cont: tmp = [] for y in name: if y == "from_station_name": s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "to_station_name": s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "start_time": s = color.green(data["start_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "arrive_time": s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "station_train_code": s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"]) tmp.append(s) else: tmp.append(data[y]) tickets.append(tmp) for ticket in tickets: table.add_row(ticket) print(table) def main(): date = input("请输入时间:\n") from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")] to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")] url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?" headers = { "user-agent": "mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 6.1; wow64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/63.0.3239.26 safari/537.36 core/1.63.5702.400 qqbrowser/10.2.1893.400" } url=url+"leftticketdto.train_date="+date+"&leftticketdto.from_station="+from_station+"&leftticketdto.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=adult" #print(url) 已经检查过生成的url是正确的 #request请求获取主页 r = requests.get(url,headers=headers) r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常 r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding showticket(r.text) #print(r.text) main()
stationinfo.py
import re,requests url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971" response = requests.get(url,verify=false) #将车站的名字和编码进行提取 chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([a-z]+)', response.text) chezhan_code = dict(chezhan) chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys())) #print(chezhan_names)
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