MSSQL监控数据库的DDL操作(创建，修改，删除存储过程，创建，修改，删除表等)

前言： 有时候，一个数据库有多个帐号，包括数据库管理员，开发人员，运维支撑人员等，可能有很多帐号都有比较大的权限，例如ddl操作权限(创建，修改，删除存储过程，创建，修改，删除表等），账户多了，管理起来就会相当麻烦，容易产生混乱，如果数据库管理员不监控数据库架构变更的话，就不知道谁对数据库架构做了啥改动（此处改动仅仅只ddl操作），尤其有时候，有些开发人员可能不按规章制度办事，绕过或忘了通知发布人员或dba，直接去生产机做一些ddl操作，那么我们就需要对数据库架构某些更改的事件进行监控，如果能够监控并留下证据，这样既可以让dba或相关管理人员知晓这些变更，有效管理数据库，也可以避免出现问题，出现扯皮现象，最后dba成了背黑锅的。

下面就是一个解决上述问题的方案，我们通过创建一个表databaselog和ddl触发器来解决问题，首先在msdb数据库里面新建一个表databaselog，用来保存ddl触发器获取的信息。其中ddl触发器主要通过eventdata()函数返回有关服务器或数据库事件的信息。

use msdb;
go
create table [dbo].[databaselog]
(
    [databaselogid]   [int]    identity(1,1) not null,
    [posttime]        [datetime] not null,
    [databaseuser]    [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as not null,
    [loginname]       [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as null,
    [clienthost]      [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as null,
    [event]           [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as not null,
    [schema]          [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as null,
    [object]          [sysname] collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as null,
    [tsql]            [nvarchar](max) collate sql_latin1_general_cp1_ci_as not null,
    [xmlevent]        [xml] not null,
constraint [pk_databaselog_databaselogid] primary key nonclustered
(
    [databaselogid] asc
  )with (pad_index= off, ignore_dup_key = off) on [primary]
) on [primary]
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'primary key for databaselog records.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'databaselogid'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the date and time the ddl change occurred.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'posttime'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the user who implemented the ddl change.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'databaseuser'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the login which implemented the ddl change.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'loginname'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the client machine on which implemented the ddl change.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'clienthost'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the type of ddl statement that was executed.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'event'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the schema to which the changed object belongs.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'schema'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the object that was changed by the ddl statment.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'object'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the exact transact-sql statement that was executed.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'tsql'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'the raw xml data generated by database trigger.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'column',@level2name=n'xmlevent'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'audit table tracking all ddl changes made to the database. data is captured by the database trigger ddldatabasetriggerlog.' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog'
go
exec sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=n'ms_description', @value=n'primary key (nonclustered) constraint' , @level0type=n'schema',@level0name=n'dbo', @level1type=n'table',@level1name=n'databaselog', @level2type=n'constraint',@level2name=n'pk_databaselog_databaselogid'
go

例如，我要监控数据库myassistant的ddl操作，那么我们首先在“数据库邮件”里面创建一个配置名为“ database_ddl_event”的配置文件（profile name）,这个就不多讲了，不知道配置的，自己先练练手把，假如我需要让数据库把监控到ddl操作变动相信信息发送到我的邮箱 *****@***.com(用你自己的邮箱替代)，那么只需要修改下面代码的邮箱和profile_name即可。

use myassistant;
go

create trigger [dtg_databaseddltriggerlog]
on database
for ddl_database_level_events
as
begin
    set nocount on;

    declare @data xml;
    declare @schema sysname;
    declare @object sysname;
    declare @eventtype sysname;
    declare @tablehtml  nvarchar(max) ;

    set @data = eventdata();
    set @eventtype = @data.value('(/event_instance/eventtype)[1]', 'sysname');
    set @schema = @data.value('(/event_instance/schemaname)[1]', 'sysname');
    set @object = @data.value('(/event_instance/objectname)[1]', 'sysname')

    if @object is not null
        print '  ' + @eventtype + ' - ' + @schema + '.' + @object;
    else
        print '  ' + @eventtype + ' - ' + @schema;

    if @eventtype is null
        print convert(nvarchar(max), @data);

    insert [msdb].[dbo].[databaselog]
        (
        [posttime],
        [databaseuser],
        [loginname],
        [clienthost],
        [event],
        [schema],
        [object],
        [tsql],
        [xmlevent]
        )
    values
        (
        getdate(),
        convert(sysname, current_user),
        @data.value('(/event_instance/loginname)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
        convert(sysname, host_name()),
        @eventtype,
        convert(sysname, @schema),
        convert(sysname, @object),
        @data.value('(/event_instance/tsqlcommand)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
        @data
        );

    set @tablehtml =  
    n'<h1>ddl event</h1>' +    
    n'<table border="0">' +    
    n'<tr><th>post time</th><th>user</th><th>login</th><th>clienthost</th>' +    
    n'<th>tsql</th><th></tr>' +    
    cast(( select
    td = posttime,       '',                    
    td = databaseuser, '',       
    td = loginname, '',    
    td = clienthost, '',        
    td = tsql, ''              
    from msdb.dbo.databaselog              
    where databaselogid =(select max(databaselogid) from msdb.dbo.databaselog)              
    for xml path('tr'), type     ) as nvarchar(max) ) +     n'</table>' ;

    exec msdb.dbo.sp_send_dbmail    
             @profile_name = 'database_ddl_event',
        @recipients='***@***.com',    
        @subject = 'ddl event - database myassistant',    
        @body = @tablehtml,  
        @body_format = 'html' ;
end;
go

接下来我们来测试一下，假如一个用户test登录数据库，一不小心删除了一个test的表，如下图一所示，那么我将收到一封邮件，提示我用户test在那台客户端主机执行了啥ddl操作(如下图二所示)，当然邮件的样式、排版有兴趣的可以去美化一下。