Linux常用命令之grep命令用法详解

1.官方简介

grep是linux的常用命令，用于对文件和文本执行重复搜索任务的unix工具，可以通过grep命令指定特定搜索条件来搜索文件及其内容以获取有用的信息。

usage: grep [option]... pattern [file]...
search for pattern in each file or standard input.
pattern is, by default, a basic regular expression (bre).
example: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c

regexp selection and interpretation:
 -e, --extended-regexp  pattern is an extended regular expression (ere)
 -f, --fixed-strings  pattern is a set of newline-separated fixed strings
 -g, --basic-regexp  pattern is a basic regular expression (bre)
 -p, --perl-regexp   pattern is a perl regular expression
 -e, --regexp=pattern  use pattern for matching
 -f, --file=file   obtain pattern from file
 -i, --ignore-case   ignore case distinctions
 -w, --word-regexp   force pattern to match only whole words
 -x, --line-regexp   force pattern to match only whole lines
 -z, --null-data   a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline

miscellaneous:
 -s, --no-messages   suppress error messages
 -v, --invert-match  select non-matching lines
 -v, --version    display version information and exit
  --help    display this help text and exit

output control:
 -m, --max-count=num  stop after num matches
 -b, --byte-offset   print the byte offset with output lines
 -n, --line-number   print line number with output lines
  --line-buffered  flush output on every line
 -h, --with-filename  print the file name for each match
 -h, --no-filename   suppress the file name prefix on output
  --label=label   use label as the standard input file name prefix
 -o, --only-matching  show only the part of a line matching pattern
 -q, --quiet, --silent  suppress all normal output
  --binary-files=type assume that binary files are type;
       type is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
 -a, --text    equivalent to --binary-files=text
 -i      equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
 -d, --directories=action how to handle directories;
       action is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'
 -d, --devices=action  how to handle devices, fifos and sockets;
       action is 'read' or 'skip'
 -r, --recursive   like --directories=recurse
 -r, --dereference-recursive
       likewise, but follow all symlinks
  --include=file_pattern
       search only files that match file_pattern
  --exclude=file_pattern
       skip files and directories matching file_pattern
  --exclude-from=file skip files matching any file pattern from file
  --exclude-dir=pattern directories that match pattern will be skipped.
 -l, --files-without-match print only names of files containing no match
 -l, --files-with-matches print only names of files containing matches
 -c, --count    print only a count of matching lines per file
 -t, --initial-tab   make tabs line up (if needed)
 -z, --null    print 0 byte after file name

context control:
 -b, --before-context=num print num lines of leading context
 -a, --after-context=num print num lines of trailing context
 -c, --context=num   print num lines of output context
 -num      same as --context=num
  --group-separator=sep use sep as a group separator
  --no-group-separator use empty string as a group separator
  --color[=when],
  --colour[=when]  use markers to highlight the matching strings;
       when is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'
 -u, --binary    do not strip cr characters at eol (msdos/windows)
 -u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if crs were not there
       (msdos/windows)

'egrep' means 'grep -e'. 'fgrep' means 'grep -f'.
direct invocation as either 'egrep' or 'fgrep' is deprecated.
when file is -, read standard input. with no file, read . if a command-line
-r is given, - otherwise. if fewer than two files are given, assume -h.
exit status is 0 if any line is selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.

report bugs to: [e-mail]
gnu grep home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/>
general help using gnu software: http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/

我平时也是简单的查看一个用户数据，用于简单的数据校对，最近突然接到分析后台日志的需求，才发现grep用处还是不少的。

比如我们后台日志相当大，要是直接从服务器直接拉取，耗时长占用带宽，所以方案就是直接使用 grep关键字重定向到新的文件中，从14g直接到12m,然后再数据清洗和分析。

2.实战介绍

2.1使用grep命令对多文件中多种文本查询

note :使用egrep命令，可使用扩展的正则表达式

1.多文件

• grep 'pattern' file1 file2

2.多文本 ， 关系是or

• egrep 'pattern1|pattern2' *.py
• grep -e pattern1 -e pattern2 *.py
• grep -e 'pattern1|pattern2' *.doc

例如下面对 对文件中 存在关键字 worda or wordb进行提取:

grep 'worda\|wordb' *.py
grep -e 'worda|wordb' *.doc
grep -e worda -e wordb *.py
egrep "worda|wordb" *.c

3.多文本关系是 and

这里我并没有看到 直接能用的【option】,只能加一层管道符|。

例如：

grep -e pattern1 *.py |grep -e pattern2

2.2完全匹配关键词 -w

grep -w 'warning\|error\|critical' /home/logs

2.3使用-i参数忽略大小写，–color高亮显示匹配结果

egrep -wi --color 'warning|error|critical' /home/logs

2.4递归查找

egrep -rwi --color 'warning|error' /home/logs/

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