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linux系统创建主分区、逻辑分区 、设置ext系列分区的参数以及检测分区的方法

程序员文章站 2022-12-28 18:31:32
这篇文章主要介绍了linux系统创建分区的方法,使用到的命令有:fdisk分区管理命令、partx 强制内核更新分区表(通过查看/procs/partitions文件可知道内核没有更新新创建的分区)、mkf... 16-05-16...

linux对不同的磁盘设备的设备文件命名如下:

        ide: /dev/hd[a-z]
            对ide分区的命名为/dev/hda1    /dev/hda2 …..
        scsi, sata, sas, usb: /dev/sd[a-z]
            对分区的命令为/dev/sda1  /dev/sda2 …….
        主分区最多可有4个。若分区大于4个,可使用3个主分区加一个扩展分区的方式,再通过在扩展分区上划分多个逻辑分区。
        常见的文件格式有ext2、ext3、ext4、vfat(兼容windows的fat32)、xfs、btrfs、jfs等。

查看linux的磁盘分区可使用fdis(分区管理命令)

    fdisk /dev/sda (非ide硬盘)
        m:获取帮助
        p:显示分区信息
        q:不保存退出
        n:新建分区
        d:删除分区
        q:保存退出
         l:显示分区类型的id
         t:改变分区类型的id

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
be careful before using the write command.
command (m for help): p
disk /dev/sda: 16.1 gb, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
i/o size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
disk label type: dos
disk identifier: 0x000a72d4
   device boot      start         end      blocks   id  system
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  linux
/dev/sda2         1026048    20971519     9972736   8e  linux lvm

说明:

    1、disk /dev/sda: 16.1 gb 硬盘的大小是16gb,16106127360 个字节,31457280个扇区。
    2、下半部信息说明
        device 是分区名称
        boot 是否是启动分区
        start 起始的扇区
        end 结束的扇区   \\  /dev/sda2结束的扇区是20971519,而硬盘总共有31457280,说明还有硬盘空间没有被用于创建分区。
        blocks以1kb为单位,显示分区的空间;
        ld 为分区类型的id号
        system 为分区类型

创建分区:(下图中指定起始扇区与/dev/sda2的结束扇区能对接上)

linux系统创建主分区、逻辑分区 、设置ext系列分区的参数以及检测分区的方法

    创建逻辑分区

command (m for help): n

partition type:

   p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

   e   extended

select (default e): e   \\指定新建扩展分区

selected partition 4

first sector (23068672-31457279, default 23068672): 

using default value 23068672

last sector, +sectors or +size{k,m,g} (23068672-31457279, default 31457279): +1g  \\指定扩展分区的大小

partition 4 of type extended and of size 1 gib is set

command (m for help): n 

all primary partitions are in use

adding logical partition 5  \\ id号1-4已经用完,系统直接使用逻辑分区id的范围5-15

first sector (23070720-25165823, default 23070720): 

using default value 23070720

last sector, +sectors or +size{k,m,g} (23070720-25165823, default 25165823): 24000000  \\这里的结束扇区25165823-23070720=2095103*512/1024/1024=1022.99mb,即1gb,与指定的扩展分区大小相同

partition 5 of type linux and of size 453.8 mib is set \\新建逻辑分区的大小是453.8mb

command (m for help): n

all primary partitions are in use

adding logical partition 6

first sector (24002049-25165823, default 24002560): 

using default value 24002560

last sector, +sectors or +size{k,m,g} (24002560-25165823, default 25165823):  \\这里的结束扇区id与上述的相同

using default value 25165823

partition 6 of type linux and of size 568 mib is set

command (m for help): p

disk /dev/sda: 16.1 gb, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors

units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

i/o size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

disk label type: dos

disk identifier: 0x000a72d4

   device boot      start         end      blocks   id  system

/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  linux

/dev/sda2         1026048    20971519     9972736   8e  linux lvm

/dev/sda3        20971520    23068671     1048576   83  linux

/dev/sda4        23068672    25165823     1048576    5  extended

/dev/sda5        23070720    24000000      464640+  83  linux

/dev/sda6        24002560    25165823      581632   83  linux  \\新建的逻辑分区

command (m for help): w \\保存退出

 检查linux是否已经识别出新的分区查看/rroc/paritions文件

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions 

major minor  #blocks  name

   8        0   15728640 sda

   8        1     512000 sda1

   8        2    9972736 sda2  \\新创建的/dev/sda3-6没有还没有识别出来

  11        0    4228096 sr0

 253        0    8880128 dm-0

 253        1    1048576 dm-1

强制让内核更新分区

[root@localhost ~]# partx -u /dev/sda 

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions 

major minor  #blocks  name

   8        0   15728640 sda

   8        1     512000 sda1

   8        2    9972736 sda2

   8        3    1048576 sda3

   8        4          1 sda4

   8        5     464640 sda5

   8        6     581632 sda6 \\已识别出新分区

  11        0    4228096 sr0

 253        0    8880128 dm-0

 253        1    1048576 dm-1

[root@localhost ~]# 

格式化新建的分区mkfs命令

    把sda6、sda5格式为ext4

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -l test /dev/sda6

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-dec-2013)

filesystem label=test

os type: linux

block size=4096 (log=2)

fragment size=4096 (log=2)

stride=0 blocks, stripe width=0 blocks

36400 inodes, 145408 blocks

7270 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

first data block=0

maximum filesystem blocks=148897792

5 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7280 inodes per group

superblock backups stored on blocks: 

32768, 98304

allocating group tables: done                            

writing inode tables: done                            

creating journal (4096 blocks): done

writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done


也可用 ext系列专用的格式化工具mke2fs

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext3 -m 5 -l test_sda5 -b 4096 /dev/sda5 

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-dec-2013)

filesystem label=test_sda5 \\标识符为test_sda5

os type: linux

block size=4096 (log=2) \\block为4096

fragment size=4096 (log=2)

stride=0 blocks, stripe width=0 blocks

116224 inodes, 116160 blocks

5808 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user \\为管理员预留5%的空间

first data block=0

maximum filesystem blocks=121634816

4 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

29056 inodes per group

superblock backups stored on blocks: 

32768, 98304

allocating group tables: done                            

writing inode tables: done                            

creating journal (4096 blocks): done

writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

查看所有分区的属性使用blkid

[root@localhost ~]# blkid 

/dev/sda1: uuid="050a347a-4a99-4e80-a6b4-a4ed0a47eaa1" type="xfs" 

/dev/sda2: uuid="dv2krn-blsl-4nbt-ydur-bxax-tchj-v2ypbm" type="lvm2_member" 

/dev/sda5: label="test_sda5" uuid="b5b2b12b-236d-4578-845b-a5632ca5eafa" sec_type="ext2" type="ext3"  

/dev/sda6: label="test" uuid="a0a549a2-0aec-4ff6-bce8-f2dfdfa1539e" type="ext4"  

/dev/sr0: uuid="2015-12-09-23-14-10-00" label="centos 7 x86_64" type="iso9660" pttype="dos" 

/dev/mapper/centos-root: uuid="0adba78a-e1e3-4900-87c2-069105c6a1fc" type="xfs" 

/dev/mapper/centos-swap: uuid="2228d7dd-b7ed-44fb-9f68-668fc942a542" type="swap" 

使用fsck命令检测分区

[root@localhost ~]# fsck.ext3 -frc /dev/sda5   \\ f是强制检测  c是提示测试进度 r进行交互式检测

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-dec-2013)

checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done                                                 

test_sda5: updating bad block inode.

pass 1: checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

pass 2: checking directory structure

pass 3: checking directory connectivity

pass 4: checking reference counts

pass 5: checking group summary information

test_sda5: ***** file system was modified *****

test_sda5: 11/116224 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 7837/116160 blocks

[root@localhost ~]#