linux btrfs文件系统及管理
什么是btrfs?
btrfs(b-tree文件系统,通常念成butter fs,better fs或b-tree fs),linux文件系统,具有写时复制cow(copy-on-write),改善ext3文件系统单文件大小限制,并加入其他特性,如可写快照,快照的快照,内建raid,子卷(subvloume),专注于容错,修复和易于管理。单文件可达16eb,最大文件数量2^64,最大卷容量16eb,等。
btrfs功能特性
1,cow:写时复制,每次写入数据时,先将数据写入到新的block,写入成功后,更改旧数据块指针到新数据块,而非更改本身。
2,多物理卷支持,btrfs内建raid,可在线增删磁盘设备,可在线扩展和缩减磁盘空间。
3,数据和元数据校验码,checksum
4,子卷,可单独挂载子卷
5,可写快照,快照的快照,单个文件快照。
6,透明压缩
7,ext3/4和btrfs无痛互转
btrfs 基本用法:
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs --help #查看帮助可以看到btrfs 有很多子命令,用法也很多,这里只举例常用选项。
- usage: btrfs [--help] [--version] <group> [<group>...] <command> [<args>]
- btrfs subvolume create [-i <qgroupid>] [<dest>/]<name> #创建子卷
- create a subvolume
- btrfs subvolume delete [options] <subvolume> [<subvolume>...] #删除子卷
- delete subvolume(s)
- btrfs subvolume list [options] [-g [+|-]value] [-c [+|-]value] [--sort=gen,ogen,rootid,path] <path> #显示子卷列表
- list subvolumes (and snapshots)
- btrfs subvolume snapshot [-r] [-i <qgroupid>] <source> <dest>|[<dest>/]<name> #创建子卷快照
- create a snapshot of the subvolume
- btrfs subvolume get-default <path> #获取子卷默认的文件系统
- get the default subvolume of a filesystem
- btrfs subvolume set-default <subvolid> <path> #设置默认系统给子卷
- set the default subvolume of a filesystem
- btrfs subvolume find-new <path> <lastgen> #列出btrfs文件系统中最近修改的文件,结合find命令
- list the recently modified files in a filesystem
- btrfs subvolume show <subvol-path> #显示更多的子卷信息
- show more information of the subvolume
- btrfs subvolume sync <path> [<subvol-id>...] #子卷同步,类似mount同步模式,内存数据同步到磁盘,有待查证。
- wait until given subvolume(s) are completely removed from the filesystem.
- btrfs filesystem df [options] <path> #显示挂载的文件系统详细信息。
- show space usage information for a mount point
- btrfs filesystem show [options] [<path>|<uuid>|<device>|label] #显示创建文件系统的磁盘信息。
- show the structure of a filesystem
- btrfs filesystem sync <path> #强制文件系统同步,
- force a sync on a filesystem
- btrfs filesystem defragment [options] <file>|<dir> [<file>|<dir>...] #碎片整理
- defragment a file or a directory
- btrfs filesystem resize [devid:][+/-]<newsize>[kkmmggttppee]|[devid:]max <path> #btrfs文件系统在线扩展和缩减空间
- resize a filesystem
- btrfs filesystem label [<device>|<mount_point>] [<newlabel>] #改变btrfs文件系统卷标
- get or change the label of a filesystem
- btrfs filesystem usage [options] <path> [<path>..] #显示文件系统当前的使用信息。
- show detailed information about internal filesystem usage .
- btrfs balance start [options] <path> #改变磁盘chunk,在线改 数据和元数据 存储方式,单盘改raid,前提满足raid要求。
- balance chunks across the devices
- btrfs balance pause <path> #暂停chunk更改,数据量较大,转换时间较长时,先暂停。
- pause running balance
- btrfs balance cancel <path> #取消chunk更改,如上
- cancel running or paused balance
- btrfs balance resume <path> #中断balance的操作,如上
- resume interrupted balance
- btrfs balance status [-v] <path> #显示balance操作状态 如上
- show status of running or paused balance
- btrfs device add [options] <device> [<device>...] <path> #文件系统增加磁盘
- add a device to a filesystem
- btrfs device delete <device> [<device>...] <path> #文件系统删除磁盘
- remove a device from a filesystem
- btrfs device scan [(-d|--all-devices)|<device> [<device>...]] #文件系统磁盘扫描
- scan devices for a btrfs filesystem
- btrfs device ready <device> #猜测是检测加入的设备有没有被挂载
- check device to see if it has all of its devices in cache for mounting
- btrfs device stats [-z] <path>|<device> #显示文件系统的设备状态
- show current device io stats. -z to reset stats afterwards.
- btrfs device usage [options] <path> [<path>..] #显示文件系统内部设备详细使用信息
- show detailed information about internal allocations in devices.
btrfs文件系统管理
为分区创建btrfs文件系统
- [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l | grep "^disk /dev/sd[a-z]" #准备sd{b,c,d,e}4块20g磁盘,未做任何分区。
- disk /dev/sda: 107.4 gb, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
- disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 gb, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
- disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 gb, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
- disk /dev/sde: 21.5 gb, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
- disk /dev/sdd: 21.5 gb, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
创建单分区btrfs并查看
- [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.btrfs -l 'btrfs' /dev/sdb
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- see http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.
- turning on incompat feature 'extref': increased hardlink limit per file to 65536
- turning on incompat feature 'skinny-metadata': reduced-size metadata extent refs
- fs created label btrfs on /dev/sdb
- nodesize 16384 leafsize 16384 sectorsize 4096 size 20.00gib
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs filesystem show
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 1 fs bytes used 112.00kib
- devid 1 size 20.00gib used 2.04gib path /dev/sdb
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- [root@localhost ~]# mount -o compress=lzo -l btrfs /btrfs/ 挂载时可以设定透明压缩机制。
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs filesystem df /btrfs
- data, single: total=8.00mib, used=256.00kib
- system, dup: total=8.00mib, used=16.00kib
- system, single: total=4.00mib, used=0.00b
- metadata, dup: total=1.00gib, used=112.00kib
- metadata, single: total=8.00mib, used=0.00b
- globalreserve, single: total=16.00mib, used=0.00b
再添加一块磁盘
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs device add /dev/sdc /btrfs #添加磁盘,删除用btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /btrfs
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 384.00kib
- devid 1 size 20.00gib used 2.04gib path /dev/sdb
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 0.00b path /dev/sdc
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- [root@localhost ~]#
在线增加或缩减空间,在线改变空间,可以让lvm坐冷板凳了。
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi resize -10g /btrfs/ #在线缩减空间
- resize '/btrfs/' of '-10g'
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 384.00kib
- devid 1 size 10.00gib used 2.04gib path /dev/sdb
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 0.00b path /dev/sdc
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi resize +7g /btrfs/ #在线增加空间
- resize '/btrfs/' of '+7g'
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 384.00kib
- devid 1 size 17.00gib used 2.04gib path /dev/sdb
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 0.00b path /dev/sdc
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- [root@localhost ~]#
在线更改数据和元数据的结构
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/
- data, single: total=8.00mib, used=256.00kib
- system, dup: total=8.00mib, used=16.00kib
- system, single: total=4.00mib, used=0.00b
- metadata, dup: total=1.00gib, used=112.00kib
- metadata, single: total=8.00mib, used=0.00b
- globalreserve, single: total=16.00mib, used=0.00b
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs balance start -mconvert=raid1 /btrfs/ #-mconvert 为改变metadata元数据区的存储结构
- done, had to relocate 4 out of 5 chunks
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 192.00kib
- devid 1 size 17.00gib used 296.00mib path /dev/sdb
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 288.00mib path /dev/sdc
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/
- data, single: total=8.00mib, used=64.00kib
- system, raid1: total=32.00mib, used=16.00kib
- metadata, raid1: total=256.00mib, used=112.00kib #对比上改为了raid1
- globalreserve, single: total=16.00mib, used=0.00b
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs balance start -dconvert=raid1 /btrfs/ #-dconvert 为改变data数据区的存储结构
- done, had to relocate 1 out of 3 chunks
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/
- data, raid1: total=1.00gib, used=320.00kib #对比上面改为了raid1
- system, raid1: total=32.00mib, used=16.00kib
- metadata, raid1: total=256.00mib, used=112.00kib
- globalreserve, single: total=16.00mib, used=0.00b
- [root@localhost ~]#
显示当前文件系统使用信息
- [root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs fi usage /btrfs/
- overall:
- device size: 37.00gib #总的空间
- device allocated: 2.56gib #分给元数据管理区的空间
- device unallocated: 34.44gib #未分出去的
- device missing: 0.00b
- used: 896.00kib #使用了的空间
- free (estimated): 18.22gib(min: 18.22gib) #可用空间,这里因是raid1 镜像卷
- data ratio: 2.00
- metadata ratio: 2.00
- global reserve: 16.00mib(used: 0.00b)
- data,raid1: size:1.00gib, used:320.00kib
- /dev/sdb 1.00gib
- /dev/sdc 1.00gib
- metadata,raid1: size:256.00mib, used:112.00kib
- /dev/sdb 256.00mib
- /dev/sdc 256.00mib
- system,raid1: size:32.00mib, used:16.00kib
- /dev/sdb 32.00mib
- /dev/sdc 32.00mib
- unallocated:
- /dev/sdb 15.72gib #这里2各磁盘 分配的空间不同,可以说明btrfs的内建raid1不是按物理盘划分的,而是按chunk,
- /dev/sdc 18.72gib #可以看到具体某块磁盘的使用状况。
- [root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs device stats /btrfs/ #查看磁盘错误信息
- [/dev/sdb].write_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdb].read_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdb].flush_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdb].corruption_errs 0
- [/dev/sdb].generation_errs 0
- [/dev/sdc].write_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdc].read_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdc].flush_io_errs 0
- [/dev/sdc].corruption_errs 0
- [/dev/sdc].generation_errs 0
- [root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs device usage /btrfs/ #磁盘的空间使用状态
- /dev/sdb, id: 1
- device size: 20.00gib
- data,raid1: 1.00gib
- metadata,raid1: 256.00mib
- system,raid1: 32.00mib
- unallocated: 15.72gib
- /dev/sdc, id: 2
- device size: 20.00gib
- data,raid1: 1.00gib
- metadata,raid1: 256.00mib
- system,raid1: 32.00mib
- unallocated: 18.72gib
- 压缩测试
- [root@localhost btrfs22]# du -sh /btrfs /btrfs22
- 5.1g/btrfs
- 5.1g/btrfs22
- [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs fi show
- label: 'btrfs' uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 178.63mib #btrfs挂载采用lzo压缩,空间被压缩,因是文本文档压缩效果很明显。
- devid 1 size 17.00gib used 1.28gib path /dev/sdb
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 1.28gib path /dev/sdc
- label: 'btrfs22' uuid: d4da4497-b82e-4846-b51c-cd7127ff5c74
- total devices 2 fs bytes used 5.01gib #btrfs22挂载没有启用压缩功能。
- devid 1 size 20.00gib used 4.04gib path /dev/sdd
- devid 2 size 20.00gib used 4.00gib path /dev/sde
- btrfs-progs v3.19.1
子卷和快照的管理
- btrfs subvolume
- [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs subvolume create /btrfs/btrfs.sub #创建子卷
- create subvolume '/btrfs/btrfs.sub'
- [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs #显示子卷
- id 259 gen 43 top level 5 path btrfs.sub
- [root@localhost btrfs22]# umount /btrfs
- [root@localhost ~]# mount -o subvol=btrfs.sub /dev/sdc /btrfs.sub/ #单独挂载子卷
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume show /btrfs.sub/
- /btrfs.sub
- name: btrfs.sub
- uuid: 811deb2f-764f-6440-899c-cddb2b9867e2
- parent uuid: -
- creation time: 2016-05-11 08:43:51
- object id: 259
- generation (gen): 43
- gen at creation: 43
- parent: 5
- top level: 5
- flags: -
- snapshot(s):
子卷删除
- [root@localhost ~]# umount /btrfs.sub/ #卸卸载子卷
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume delete /btrfs/btrfs.sub
- #执行删除命令
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs
- #查看 已经被删除
- id 260 gen 45 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22
子卷快照,类似创建子卷
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs
- id 260 gen 45 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume snapshot /btrfs/btrfs.sub22/ /btrfs/btrfs.sub22_snapshot
- create a snapshot of '/btrfs/btrfs.sub22/' in '/btrfs/btrfs.sub22_snapshot'
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs
- id 260 gen 50 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22
- id 262 gen 50 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22_snapshot
单个文件快照
- [root@localhost btrfs]# cp --relink hostname hostname_snap
- cp: unrecognized option '--relink'
- try 'cp --help' for more information.
- [root@localhost btrfs]# cp --reflink hostname hostname_snap
- [root@localhost btrfs]# cp --reflink hostname hostname_snap^c
- [root@localhost btrfs]# echo "magedu.com" >> hostname
- [root@localhost btrfs]# cat hostname
- localhost.localdomain
- magedu.com
- [root@localhost btrfs]# cat hostname_snap
- localhost.localdomain
- [root@localhost btrfs]#
ext文件系统转换为btrfs
- [root@localhost ~]# cp -r /tmp/* /sdf/
- [root@localhost ~]# cd /sdf/
- [root@localhost sdf]# ls
- ks-script-oqv4gb lost+found yum.log
- [root@localhost ~]# umount /sdf/ #第一步,先卸载需要转换的ext分区
- [root@localhost ~]# fsck -f /dev/sdf #第二步,强制检测磁盘
- fsck from util-linux 2.23.2
- e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-dec-2013)
- pass 1: checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
- pass 2: checking directory structure
- pass 3: checking directory connectivity
- pass 4: checking reference counts
- pass 5: checking group summary information
- /dev/sdf: 13/1310720 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 126323/5242880 blocks
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs-convert /dev/sdf #第三步,执行转换命令
- creating btrfs metadata.
- copy inodes [o] [ 0/ 13]
- creating ext2fs image file.
- cleaning up system chunk.
- conversion complete.
- [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdf /sdf/
- [root@localhost ~]# cd /sdf/
- [root@localhost sdf]# ls
- ext2_saved ks-script-oqv4gb lost+found yum.log #转换产生的ext2_saved,不可删除,删除就无法转回ext文件系统
- [root@localhost sdf]# cat ks-script-oqv4gb #转换后查看文件正常。
- restorecon -ir /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts /var/lib /etc/lvm \
- /dev /etc/iscsi /var/lib/iscsi /root /var/lock /var/log \
- /etc/modprobe.d /etc/sysconfig /var/cache/yum
- # also relabel the ostree variants of the normal mounts (if they exist)
- restorecon -ir /var/roothome /var/home /var/opt /var/srv /var/media /var/mnt
- restorecon -i /etc/rpm/macros /etc/dasd.conf /etc/zfcp.conf /lib64 /usr/lib64 \
- /etc/blkid.tab* /etc/mtab /etc/fstab /etc/resolv.conf \
- /etc/modprobe.conf* /var/log/*tmp /etc/crypttab \
- /etc/mdadm.conf /etc/sysconfig/network /root/install.log* \
- /etc/*shadow* /etc/dhcp/dhclient-*.conf /etc/localtime \
- /etc/hostname /root/install.log*
- if [ -e /etc/zipl.conf ]; then
- restorecon -i /etc/zipl.conf
- fi
- [root@localhost sdf]# blkid /dev/sdf
- /dev/sdf: uuid="20bd2176-28d9-49fb-88e9-b746f5ea2736" uuid_sub="9076e700-22a2-420e-81df-feb79449ab7c" type="btrfs" #查看文件系统,已经变为btrfs
- btrfs转回ext3
- [root@localhost ~]# umount /sdf/ #第一步,卸载
- [root@localhost ~]# btrfs-convert -r /dev/sdf #第二步,执行转换命令
- rollback complete.
- [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdf
- /dev/sdf: uuid="8d6c4b81-9602-428a-a340-f01b176fa82b" sec_type="ext2" type="ext3" #查看转换结果,已经变为etx3格式。
- [root@localhost ~]#
总结:初步了解btrfs,首先,扩展性基于b-tree架构,单个文件,磁盘,文件个数,大大超过现在对扩展性的要求,其次,数据一致性,基于cow和checksum确保数据正常(btrfs的数据检测,修复,恢复相关的命令操作后面补充),再次,设备管理功能强大,内建raid,联机raid调整,联机空间扩展和缩减,联机物理卷增删,快照,子卷,可脱离raid和lvm.
以上个人总结,不足之处欢迎指正,谢谢。