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python学习笔记--3

程序员文章站 2022-11-27 12:36:30
(21)python中的self等价于c++中self指针和java、中的this参考 (22)python中类/对象和函数方法一样,区别只是一个额外的self变量...

(21)python中的self等价于c++中self指针和java、中的this参考

(22)python中类/对象和函数方法一样,区别只是一个额外的self变量,如:

class person:

defsayhi(self):

print'hello, how are you?'

p= person()

p.sayhi()

打印结果:hello, how are you?

(23)__init__方法在类的一个对象被建立时,马上运行,用来为对象进行初始化,开始和结尾都是双下划线。该方法类似于c++、c#和java中的构造函数。__del__(self)在对象消逝的时候调用,即对象不再使用,它所占用的内存将返回给,需要自己指明del 。例如:

class person:

def__init__(slef,name):

self.name= name

def__del__(self):

print'%s says bye.' % self.name

defsayhi(self):

print'hello, my name is',self.name

p = person('lvzhang')

p.sayhi()

打印结果:

hello, my name is lvzhang

如果想删除对象,在运行界面输入del p即可,此时再输入p.sayhi会报错

(24)类的变量由一个类的所有对象共享使用,只有一个类变量的拷贝,所有当某个对象对类的变量做类修改时,会反映到其他实例上;对象的变量由类的每个对象拥有。因此每个对象有自己对这个域的一份拷贝,即它们不是共享的。

(25)在python中也可以使用继承,在子类中对于基类中的构造函数,但是python不会自动调用基本类的构造函数。需要专门调用它。例如:

class schoolmember:
'''representsany school member.'''
def __init__(self,name, age):
self.name= name
self.age= age
print '(initialized schoolmember: %s)' % self.name

def tell(self):
'''tellmy details.'''
print 'name:"%s" age:"%s"' % (self.name, self.age),

class teacher(schoolmember):
'''representsa teacher.'''
def __init__(self,name, age, salary):
schoolmember.__init__(self,name, age)
self.salary= salary
print '(initialized teacher: %s)' % self.name

def tell(self):
schoolmember.tell(self)
print 'salary: "%d"' % self.salary

class student(schoolmember):
'''representsa student.'''
def __init__(self,name, age, marks):
schoolmember.__init__(self,name, age)
self.marks= marks
print '(initialized student: %s)' % self.name

def tell(self):
schoolmember.tell(self)
print 'marks: "%d"' % self.marks

t = teacher('mrs. shrividya', 40, 30000)
s = student('swaroop', 22, 75)

print # prints a blank line

members = [t, s]
for member in members:
member.tell() # works for both teachers and students

打印结果

(initialized schoolmember: mrs. shrividya)
(initialized teacher: mrs. shrividya)
(initialized schoolmember: swaroop)
(initialized student: swaroop)

name:"mrs. shrividya" age:"40" salary: "30000"
name:"swaroop" age:"22" marks: "75"

(26)你可以通过创建一个file类的对象来打开一个文件,分别使用file类的read、readline或write方法来恰当地读写文件。对文件的读写能力依赖于你在打开文件时指定的模式。最后,当你完成对文件的操作的时候,你调用close方法来告诉python我们完成了对文件的使用,例如:

poem = '''\
programming is fun
when the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
usepython!
'''

f = file('poem.txt', 'w') # open for 'w'riting
f.write(poem) # write text to file
f.close() # close the file

f = file('poem.txt')
# if no mode is specified, 'r'ead mode isassumed by default
while true:
line =f.readline()
if len(line) == 0: # zero length indicates eof
break
print line,
# notice comma toavoid automatic newline added by python(逗号用来消除自动换行)
f.close() # close the file

打印结果:

programming is fun
when the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
use python!

(27)python提供类一个标准的模块,成为pickle,使用它可以在一个文件中储存任何python对象,也称为持久地储存对象。还有一个cpickle模块(编写的,比pickle快1000倍),储存与取储存例如:

import cpickle as p
#import pickle as p

shoplistfile = 'shoplist.data'
# the name of the file where we willstore the object

shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']

# write to the file
f = file(shoplistfile, 'w')
p.dump(shoplist, f) # dump the object to a file
f.close()

del shoplist # remove theshoplist

# read back from the storage
f = file(shoplistfile)
storedlist = p.load(f)
print storedlist

打印结果:

['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']

(28)对于异常有try……except处理异常,可以使用raise语句印发异常。当读一个文件的时候,希望无论异常发生与否double关闭文件,使用finally块来实现,try……finally。

(29)python有丰富的标准库。比如 sys模块,os模块等等

(30)python更多用法,比如:

1.使用列表综合

listone = [2, 3, 4]
listtwo = [2*i for i in listone if i > 2]
print listtwo

打印结果:

[6, 8]

2.在函数中接收元组和列表

def powersum(power,*args):

total= 0

fori in args:

total+=pow(i,power)

returntotal >>> powersum(2, 3, 4)

打印结果为:
25(3的平方加上4的平方)

>>> powersum(2, 10)
100

3.使用lambda语句用来创建新的函数对象,并且在运行时返回它们,注意即便是print语句也不能用在lambda形式中,只能使用表达式

def make_repeater(n):
return lambda s: s*n

twice = make_repeater(2)

print twice('word')
print twice(5)

打印结果:

wordword
10

4. exec语句用来执行储存在字符串或文件中的python语句,如:

>>> exec 'print "helloworld"'
hello world

5. eval语句用来计算存储在字符串中的有效python表达式,如:

>>> eval('2*3')
6. assert语句用来声明某个条件是真的,如果你非常确信某个你使用的列表中至少有一个元素,而你想要检验这一点,并且在它非真的时候引发一个错误,那么assert语句是应用在这种情形下的理想语句。当assert语句失败的时候,会引发一个assertionerror:

>>> mylist = ['item']
>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
>>> mylist.pop()
'item'
>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
traceback (most recent call last):
file "", line 1, in ?
assertionerror

7. repr函数用来取得对象的规范字符串表示,如:

>>> i = []
>>> i.append('item')
>>> `i`
"['item']"
>>> repr(i)
"['item']"