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Oracle中创建和管理表详解

程序员文章站 2022-10-13 20:42:46
sql> /*sql> 对于表的操作: 创建表,修改表(添加新的列,改变当前某些列,删除列),删除表sql> 创建表: create table(需要cr...
sql> /*
sql> 对于表的操作: 创建表,修改表(添加新的列,改变当前某些列,删除列),删除表
sql> 创建表: create table(需要create table的权限)
sql> 修改表: alter table tablename add/modify/drop
sql> 删除表:drop table tablename
sql> */
sql> show user;
user 为 "scott"
sql> --访问hr用户下的表
sql> select * from hr.employees;
select * from hr.employees
                 *
第 1 行出现错误:
ora-00942: 表或视图不存在
sql> --测试defaul值
sql> create table test1
  2  (tid number,
  3   tname varchar(20),
  4   hiredate date default sysdate);
表已创建。
sql> insert into test1(tid,tname) values(1,'mary');
已创建 1 行。
sql> select * from test1;
       tid tname                hiredate                                                                               
---------- -------------------- --------------                                                                         
         1 mary                 12-6月 -11                                                                             
sql> --rowid rownum都是伪列
sql> select rowid,rownum,empno from emp;
rowid                  rownum      empno                                                                               
------------------ ---------- ----------                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaat          1       1122                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaao          2       1234                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaap          3       1235                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaaq          4       2222                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaar          5       2345                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaas          6       2346                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaaa          7       7369                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaab          8       7499                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaac          9       7521                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaad         10       7566                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaae         11       7654                                                                               
rowid                  rownum      empno                                                                               
------------------ ---------- ----------                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaaf         12       7698                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaag         13       7782                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaah         14       7788                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaai         15       7839                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaaj         16       7844                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaak         17       7876                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaal         18       7900                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaam         19       7902                                                                               
aaana2aaeaaaaasaan         20       7934                                                                               
已选择20行。
sql> --rowid:oracle维护一个地址,该地址指向了该行在硬盘上实际存储的位置
sql> --关于varchar2和char
sql> create table testchar
  2  ( c char(5),
  3    v varchar(5));
表已创建。
sql> insert into testchar values('a','b');
已创建 1 行。
sql> select * from testchar;
c     v                                                                                                                
----- -----                                                                                                            
a     b                                                                                                                
sql> select concat(c,'#'),concat(v,'#') from testchar;
concat concat                                                                                                          
------ ------                                                                                                          
a    # b#                                                                                                              
sql> --添加新列
sql> alter table testchar
  2  add  hiredate date;
表已更改。
sql> desc testchar;
 名称                                                              是否为空? 类型
 ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------
 c                                                                          char(5)
 v                                                                          varchar2(5)
 hiredate                                                                   date
sql> --修改表
sql> alter table testchar
  2  modify c char(10);
表已更改。
sql> desc testchar;
 名称                                                              是否为空? 类型
 ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------
 c                                                                          char(10)
 v                                                                          varchar2(5)
 hiredate                                                                   date
sql> --删除列
sql> alter table testchar
  2  drop hiredate;
drop hiredate
     *
第 2 行出现错误:
ora-00905: 缺失关键字
sql> ed
已写入 file afiedt.buf
  1  alter table testchar
  2* drop column hiredate
sql> /
表已更改。
sql> desc testchar;
 名称                                                              是否为空? 类型
 ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------
 c                                                                          char(10)
 v                                                                          varchar2(5)
sql> host cls
sql> --删除表
sql> select * from tab;
tname                          tabtype  clusterid                                                                      
------------------------------ ------- ----------                                                                      
dept                           table                                                                                   
emp                            table                                                                                   
bonus                          table                                                                                   
salgrade                       table                                                                                   
emp10                          table                                                                                   
emp101                         table                                                                                   
test1                          table                                                                                   
bin$gnm24ey8rkw0vjhtz7zfsa==$0 table                                                                                   
testdelete                     table                                                                                   
testchar                       table                                                                                   
已选择10行。
sql> drop table testdelete;
表已删除。
sql> select * from tab;
tname                          tabtype  clusterid                                                                      
------------------------------ ------- ----------                                                                      
dept                           table                                                                                   
emp                            table                                                                                   
bonus                          table                                                                                   
salgrade                       table                                                                                   
emp10                          table                                                                                   
emp101                         table                                                                                   
test1                          table                                                                                   
bin$gnm24ey8rkw0vjhtz7zfsa==$0 table                                                                                   
testchar                       table                                                                                   
bin$ajrs9ifft4o1gcd0h3fepg==$0 table                                                                                   
已选择10行。
sql> --使用purge参数彻底删除表
sql> drop table test1 purge;
表已删除。
sql> select * from tab;
tname                          tabtype  clusterid                                                                      
------------------------------ ------- ----------                                                                      
dept                           table                                                                                   
emp                            table                                                                                   
bonus                          table                                                                                   
salgrade                       table                                                                                   
emp10                          table                                                                                   
emp101                         table                                                                                   
bin$gnm24ey8rkw0vjhtz7zfsa==$0 table                                                                                   
testchar                       table                                                                                   
bin$ajrs9ifft4o1gcd0h3fepg==$0 table                                                                                   
已选择9行。
sql> --oracle的回收站
sql> --查看回收站
sql> show recyclebin;
original name    recyclebin name                object type  drop time                                                 
---------------- ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------                                       
testdelete       bin$ajrs9ifft4o1gcd0h3fepg==$0 table        2011-06-12:15:43:34                                       
testdelete       bin$gnm24ey8rkw0vjhtz7zfsa==$0 table        2011-06-12:14:51:43                                       
sql> --清空回收站
sql> purge recyclebin;
回收站已清空。
sql> show recyclebin;
sql> --关于约束:
sql> --创建一个表,包含所有约束
sql> create table myuser
  2  ( userid number constraint pk primary key,
  3    username varchar2(20) constraint c_name not null,
  4    gender   varchar2(2)  constraint c_gender check (gender in ('男','女')),
  5    email    varchar2(20) constraint c_email1 not null
  6                          constraint c_email2 unique
  7    deptno   number constraint fk refereneces dept(deptno)
  8  );
  deptno   number constraint fk refereneces dept(deptno)
  *
第 7 行出现错误:
ora-00907: 缺失右括号
sql>   create table myuser
  2  ( userid number constraint pk primary key,
  3    username varchar2(20) constraint c_name not null,
  4    gender   varchar2(2)  constraint c_gender check (gender in ('男','女')),
  5    email    varchar2(20) constraint c_email1 not null
  6                          constraint c_email2 unique,
  7    deptno   number constraint fk refereneces dept(deptno)
  8  );
  deptno   number constraint fk refereneces dept(deptno)
                  *
第 7 行出现错误:
ora-02253: 此处不允许约束条件说明
sql> ed
已写入 file afiedt.buf
  1    create table myuser
  2  ( userid number constraint pk primary key,
  3    username varchar2(20) constraint c_name not null,
  4    gender   varchar2(2)  constraint c_gender check (gender in ('男','女')),
  5    email    varchar2(20) constraint c_email1 not null
  6                          constraint c_email2 unique,
  7    deptno   number constraint fk references dept(deptno)
  8* )
sql> /
表已创建。
sql> desc myuser;
 名称                                                              是否为空? 类型
 ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------
 userid                                                            not null number
 username                                                          not null varchar2(20)
 gender                                                                     varchar2(2)
 email                                                             not null varchar2(20)
 deptno                                                                     number
sql> insert into myuser values(1,'tom','男','ddd@126.com',10);
已创建 1 行。
sql> insert into myuser values(1,'tom','男','ddd@126.com',10);
insert into myuser values(1,'tom','男','ddd@126.com',10)
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ora-00001: 违反唯一约束条件 (scott.pk)
sql> insert into myuser values(2,'tom','啊','ddd@126.coddm',10);
insert into myuser values(2,'tom','啊','ddd@126.coddm',10)
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ora-02290: 违反检查约束条件 (scott.c_gender)
sql> --触发器也可以检查数据的正确与否
sql> spool off