MySQL8.0新特性之降序索引
MySQL8.0新特性之降序索引
简介
MySQL从8.0开始终于支持真正的降序索引了,实际上,在以前的版本当中,语法上可以通过desc来指定索引为降序,但实际上创建的仍然是常规的升序索引。
如代码中所示,在MySQL5.7中,虽然通过desc关键字指定了索引中的c2字段为降序,但通过show create table语句查看索引并没有真正的降序,c2字段仍然为升序。
mysql> select version();
+------------+
| version() |
+------------+
| 5.7.22-log |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE `t1` (`c1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,`c2` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,KEY `idx_c1_c2` (`c1`,`c2` desc));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)
mysql> show create table t1;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`c1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`c2` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `idx_c1_c2` (`c1`,`c2`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 row in set (0.06 sec)
但在MySQL8.0中却真正的实现了这一点,如代码中所示,通过show create table语句查看,索引的顺序与我们在建表语句中指定的顺序是一致的,c1字段升序,c2字段降序。
mysql> select version();
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 8.0.15 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE `t1` (`c1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,`c2` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,KEY `idx_c1_c2` (`c1`,`c2` desc));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.63 sec)
mysql> show create table t1;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Table | Create Table
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`c1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`c2` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `idx_c1_c2` (`c1`,`c2` DESC)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 row in set (0.04 sec)
降序索引在执行计划中的表现
环境信息
- MySQL版本:5.7.22和8.0.15
- 操作系统版本:Centos6.6
使用如下存储过程在t1表插入1000万条随机数据,
use test
set sql_log_bin=off;
drop procedure if exists test_insert;
delimiter ;;
create procedure test_insert()
begin
declare i int default 0;
while i<10000000
do
insert into t1 select rand()*10000000,rand()*10000000;
set i=i+1;
end while;
commit;
end;;
delimiter ;
call test_insert();
查看select * from t1 order by c1 , c2 desc limit 10;的执行计划。从执行计划上可以看出,5.7的扫描行数数9364304远远大于8.0的10行,并且使用了filesort。
#MySQL5.7
mysql> select count(*) from t1;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 10000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (4.40 sec)
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 , c2 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 9364304 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.08 sec)
#MySQL8.0
mysql> select count(*) from t1;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 10000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (3.14 sec)
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 , c2 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
降序索引最大的应用场景便是如上例这样对多字段排序的场景,这种场景下,能够最大的发挥降序索引的作用。在对单字段排序时,无论是升序还是降序都是可以用到索引的。因为数据库不仅可以对索引进行从前向后的扫描,也可以对索引进行从后向前的扫描。
如图所示,在一条对t1表的查询语句中只对c1字段进行降序排序,无论是MySQL5.7还是MySQL8.0都用到了索引,在8.0中,对于索引的反向扫描,有一个专门的词进行描述“Backward index scan”。
#MySQL5.7
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
#MySQL8.0
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Backward index scan; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
虽然在对多字段进行排序时,能够最大发会降序索引的作用,但也尤其要注重使用的场景,否则仍然可能适得其反。例如对于如下两条查询语句,降序索引的表现就并没有那么乐观。从执行计划中可以看出,扫描的行数将近1000w,并且使用了filesort。
#MySQL8.0
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1,c2 limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 9742403 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 desc,c2 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 9742403 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
但是在MySQL5.7中正常的升序索引对这两条语句的执行却有着上佳的表现,两条查询语句在MySQL5.7中均只扫描了10行。
#MySQL5.7
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1,c2 limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 desc,c2 desc limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
为什么降序索引此时失去了它的魔力呢?因为我们执行的这两条查询语句对排序的两个字段要么全部升序,要么全部倒序。而在MySQL5.7中,由于组成联合索引的c1字段和c2字段都是升序排列的,那么在使用order by c1,c2排序时,MySQL可以对索引进行正向扫描,在使用by c1 desc,c2 desc,MySQL对索引进行完全的反向扫描即可。意识到降序索引在这两种排序场景下的缺陷。根据同样的道理,我们也能够发现降序索引在另一种场景下的优势。在文章中的第一个例子中,我们使用的排序顺序为order by c1 , c2 desc,这种场景下,MySQL对索引进行的是正向扫描,那么,让数据库对降序索引进行反向扫描,同样可以发挥降序索引的优势。如下代码所示,MySQL用到了索引,且扫描行数只有10行,并且使用了Backward index scan。
#MySQL8.0
mysql> explain select * from t1 order by c1 desc,c2 limit 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | NULL | idx_c1_c2 | 10 | NULL | 10 | 100.00 | Backward index scan; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
使用条件及限制
- 只有InnoDB存储引擎支持降序索引,且具有以下限制:
- 如果索引包含一个降序索引列或主键包含降序索引列,则辅助索引无法用到change buffer。
- InnoDB SQL解析器不使用降序索引。对于InnoDB全文搜索,这意味着索引表的FTS_DOC_ID列上所需的索引不能定义为降序索引。
- 适用于升序索引的所有数据类型也都支持降序索引。
- 普通(非生成)和生成列(VIRTUAL和STORED)都支持降序索引。
- DISTINCT可以使用任何一个索引包含的字段,包括索引中降序的字段。
- 对于调用了聚合函数但没有GROUP BY子句的这一类查询,索引的降序列不能用于优化MIN()/MAX()这样的聚合函数。
- BTREE支持降序索引,但HASH索引、FULLTEXT或SPATIAL索引不支持降序索引。
总结
降序索引的引入,使得在查询中,需要对多字段进行排序,且顺序要求不一致的场景,能够极大的提升查询的效率。但是需要注意的是,降序索引的引入,只是多提供给我们一种索引的使用方法,它并不能做到赢家通吃,无法适用所有的排序场景。因此,在工作中,我们还是要贴合业务的需求,合理的运用索引,这样写出的SQL执行起来才能事半功倍。
本文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/xsh5161/article/details/108995468