python之websocket
一、websocket
WebSocket协议是基于TCP的一种新的协议。WebSocket最初在HTML5规范中被引用为TCP连接,作为基于TCP的套接字API的占位符。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工(full-duplex)通信。其本质是保持TCP连接,在浏览器和服务端通过Socket进行通信。
本文将使用Python编写Socket服务端,一步一步分析请求过程!!!
1. 启动服务端
import socket sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002)) sock.listen(5) # 等待用户连接 conn, address = sock.accept() ... ... ...
启动Socket服务器后,等待用户【连接】,然后进行收发数据。
2. 客户端连接
<script type="text/javascript"> var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8002/xxoo"); ... </script>
当客户端向服务端发送连接请求时,不仅连接还会发送【握手】信息,并等待服务端响应,至此连接才创建成功!
3. 建立连接【握手】
import socket sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002)) sock.listen(5) # 获取客户端socket对象 conn, address = sock.accept() # 获取客户端的【握手】信息 data = conn.recv(1024) ... ... ... conn.send('响应【握手】信息')
请求和响应的【握手】信息需要遵循规则:
- 从请求【握手】信息中提取 Sec-WebSocket-Key
- 利用magic_string 和 Sec-WebSocket-Key 进行hmac1加密,再进行base64加密
- 将加密结果响应给客户端
注:magic string为:258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11
请求【握手】信息为:
GET /chatsocket HTTP/1.1 Host: 127.0.0.1:8002 Connection: Upgrade Pragma: no-cache Cache-Control: no-cache Upgrade: websocket Origin: http://localhost:63342 Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13 Sec-WebSocket-Key: mnwFxiOlctXFN/DeMt1Amg== Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits ... ...
提取Sec-WebSocket-Key值并加密:
import socket import base64 import hashlib def get_headers(data): """ 将请求头格式化成字典 :param data: :return: """ header_dict = {} data = str(data, encoding='utf-8') for i in data.split('\r\n'): print(i) header, body = data.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) header_list = header.split('\r\n') for i in range(0, len(header_list)): if i == 0: if len(header_list[i].split(' ')) == 3: header_dict['method'], header_dict['url'], header_dict['protocol'] = header_list[i].split(' ') else: k, v = header_list[i].split(':', 1) header_dict[k] = v.strip() return header_dict sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002)) sock.listen(5) conn, address = sock.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) headers = get_headers(data) # 提取请求头信息 # 对请求头中的sec-websocket-key进行加密 response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location: ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n" magic_string = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + magic_string ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest()) response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url']) # 响应【握手】信息 conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8')) ... ... ...
4.客户端和服务端收发数据
客户端和服务端传输数据时,需要对数据进行【封包】和【解包】。客户端的JavaScript类库已经封装【封包】和【解包】过程,但Socket服务端需要手动实现。
第一步:获取客户端发送的数据【解包】
info = conn.recv(8096) payload_len = info[1] & 127 if payload_len == 126: extend_payload_len = info[2:4] mask = info[4:8] decoded = info[8:] elif payload_len == 127: extend_payload_len = info[2:10] mask = info[10:14] decoded = info[14:] else: extend_payload_len = None mask = info[2:6] decoded = info[6:] bytes_list = bytearray() for i in range(len(decoded)): chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4] bytes_list.append(chunk) body = str(bytes_list, encoding='utf-8') print(body)
解包详细过程:
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