django生产环境搭建(uWSGI+django+nginx+python+MySQL)
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2022-03-12 22:37:46
目录3、安装django4、安装uwsgi6、mysql安装配置1、系统环境，必要知识#cat /etc/redhat-release centos linux release 7.5.1804 (c...
1、系统环境，必要知识
#cat /etc/redhat-release centos linux release 7.5.1804 (core) #uname -r 3.10.0-862.3.2.el7.x86_64
暂时关闭防护墙，关闭selinux：
#systemctl stop firewalld.service #setenforce 0 #getenforce permissive
准备知识：
django：一个基于python的开源web框架。
uwsgi：一个基于自有的uwsgi协议，wsgi协议和http服务协议的web网关
nginx：高性能的代理web服务器
wsgi.py：django项目自带的wsgi接口文件（位于：项目/项目名/wsgi.py）
整个项目流程：
首先客户端通过浏览器访问服务器资源；nginx作为对外服务的端口(80)，nginx接收到客户端http请求后会解包分析，如果是静态文件就去配置的静态文件中查找资源并返回给客户端，如果是动态资源，nginx就通过配置文件将请求传递给uwsgi处理，并转发给uwsgi,wsgi根据请求调用django工程的文件和函数，处理后django将返回值交给wsgi,wsgi将返回值进行打包，转发给uwsgi，uwsgi接收到数据后转发给nginx，最终返回给客户端。
2、安装python3.6.5
（1）安装python依赖包
yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel python-devel
（2）安装python
#wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.5/python-3.6.5.tgz #mkdir -p /usr/local/python356 #tar zxvf python-3.6.5.tgz #cd python-3.6.5 #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python356 #make #make install #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python3 #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/pip3 /usr/local/bin/pip3 #pip3 install --upgrade pip #更新pip #pip3 install ipython #安装ipython方便调试
测试安装是否正常：
#python3 -v python 3.6.5 #pip3 -v pip 10.0.1 from /usr/local/python356/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)
3、安装django
#pip3 install django #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/django-admin /usr/local/bin/django-admin
创建项目：
#django-admin startproject mysite
创建app：
#cd mysite/ #django-admin startapp app01
在项目路径下创建模板文件目录(templates)和静态文件目录(static)，后面会用到
# cd mysite/ # mkdir templates static
配置setting.py文件，配置允许访问主机名、将app加入到项目、添加模板搜索路径
# vim mysite/settings.py
allowed_hosts = ["*"] #允许本机所有地址访问
installed_apps = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'app01', #加入app名
]
templates = [
{
'backend': 'django.template.backends.django.djangotemplates',
'dirs': [os.path.join(base_dir,'templates')], #加入模板搜索路径
......
]
在views.py文件中创建视图函数
# vim app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
def index(request):
return render(request,"app01/index.html")
在templates目录中新建测试模板文件
# mkdir -p templates/app01 # vim templates/app01/index.html <h1>test django server</h1>
在urls.py文件中建立路由
# vim mysite/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path，re_path #添加
from app01 import views #添加
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'), #添加的路由
]
检查配置是否有错误：
# python3 manage.py check system check identified no issues (0 silenced).
运行测试服务器，测试服务是否正常
# python3 manage.py runserver 0:8000 #在浏览器中测试是否正常显示网页内容 #注意防火墙和selinux是否关闭或允许相关端口访问 #curl 127.0.0.1:8000 <h1>test django server</h1>
4、安装uwsgi
使用python的pip工具包安装：
#pip3 install uwsgi #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi /usr/local/bin/uwsgi #建立软链接 #uwsgi --version #检查安装成功 2.0.17
先在项目目录下建立一个测试文件：
# vim foobar.py
def application(env,start_response):
start_response('200 ok',[('content-type','text/html')])
return [b"hello world"]
然后采用测试脚本方式启动服务：
# uwsgi --http :9000 --wsgi-file foobar.py #通过浏览器访问http://ip:9000能看到hello world说明成功 #然后停止服务
接下来配置uwsgi部署django服务：
#运行测试服务，--http指定服务端口，--chdir指定django项目目录,--wsgi-file指定项目中的wsgi.py文件 # uwsgi --http :9000 --chdir /opt/mysite/ --wsgi-file mysite/wsgi.py --master --ocesses 4 --threads 2 --stats 127.0.0.1:9191 #通过浏览器http://ip:9000 #如能访问到diango模板中的html文件中的内容就算成功 #我的上面django模板中配置的内容是 test django server
建立uwsgi的配置文件,在django项目中建立uwsgi.ini文件，并配置好django项目，此处使用socket链接，后面通过nginx反向代理
#注意此处的配置指定用户nginx必须存在 [uwsgi] socket = 127.0.0.1:9090 chdir = /djproject/mysite module = mysite.wsgi #这里填的是相对路径 master = true processes = 2 threads = 2 max-requests = 2000 vacuum = true daemonize = /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.log stats = 127.0.0.1:9001 post-buffering = 65535 buffer-size = 65535 harakiri-verbose = true harakiri = 300 uid = nginx pidfile = /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.pid
参数说明：
socket：使用套接字链接
http：通过http加端口的方式
wsgi-file：指定加载的wsgi文件
chdir：指定工程的绝对路径，如django的项目路径
module：指定web应用的入口模块，如django项目下的wsgi.py接口文件
master：启动主进程
processes：启动进程数
threads：启动线程数
max-requests：最大请求数
daemonize：指定uwsgi日志文件路径
stats：指定状态查询端口,如：127.0.0.1:9001
wsgi-file：指定启动的文件
post-buffering：设置缓冲区
buffer-size：设置缓冲区文件大小
harakiri-verbose：设置超时true为开启
harakiri：设置超时时间
uid、gid：设置用户和组
pidfile：指定启动时的pid文件路径
vacuum = true #当服务器退出的时候自动删除unix socket文件和pid文件
uwsgi信号控制：
hup ：优雅的重新加载所有进程和配置，同(--reload)一样
term ：强制重新加载主进程和配置
int ：立即杀死整个uwsgi；同于：--stop
quit ：立即杀死真个uwsgi
重新启动实例：
#kill -hup `cat /tmp/project-mast.pid` #uwsgi --reload /tmp/project-master.pid
还可以在python程序中使用uwsgi.reload()重新加载
停止服务器：
#uwsgi --stop /tmp/project-master.pid #kill -int `cat /tmp/project-master.pid`
编写启动脚本：
#vim /etc/init.d/uwsgi
#!/bin/bash
#this is uwsgi server script
. /etc/init.d/functions
uwsgi=/usr/local/bin/uwsgi
uwsgi_pid=/djangoproject/mysite/uwsig.pid
uwsgi_conf=/djangoproject/mysite/uwsigconf.ini
uwsgi_pn=`ps -ef|grep -v "grep"|grep -c "uwsgi"`
erval=0
start(){
$uwsgi --ini $uwsgi_conf >& /dev/unll
erval=$?
if [ $erval -eq 0 ];then
action "uwsgid starting ..." /bin/true
else
action "uwsgid start is error" /bin/false
fi
}
stop(){
$uwsgi --stop $uwsgi_pid >& /dev/null
erval=$?
if [ $erval -eq 0 ];then
action "uwsgid stoping ..." /bin/true
else
action "uwsgid stop is error" /bin/false
fi
}
case "$1" in
start)
if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then
action "uwsgi is running!" /bin/false
else
start
erval=0
fi
;;
stop)
if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then
stop
erval=0
else
action "uwsgi no running!" /bin/false
fi
;;
reload)
if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then
$uwsgi --reload $uwsgi_pid >&/dev/null
erval=$?
[ $erval -eq 0 ] && action "uwsgi reloading ..." /bin/true
else
action "uwsgi reload error" /bin/false
fi
;;
restart)
stop
sleep 2
start
;;
*)
echo $"usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status}"
erval=2
esac
exit $erval
centos7 system系统服务脚本：
#cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/uwsgi.service [unit] description=uwsgi service after=network.target [service] type=forking pidfile=/run/uwsgi.pid execstartpre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/uwsgi.pid execstart=/usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini execreload=/bin/kill -s hup $mainpid killsignal=sigquit timeoutstopsec=5 killmode=process privatetmp=true [install] wantedby=multi-user.target
centos7建立system启动脚本后需要加载下：
systemctl daemon-reload
测试服务：
#uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini #启动服务 #ps -ef|grep "uwsgi" #查看进程 root 103596 1 2 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini root 103598 103596 0 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini root 103599 103596 0 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini #netstat -lntp|grep "uwsgi" tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:9090 0.0.0.0:* listen 103596/uwsgi tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:9001 0.0.0.0:* listen 103596/uwsgi
看上面进程是少了一个主进程，通过systemctl 查看就清楚了：
#systemctl status -l uwsgi.service
● uwsgi.service - uwsgi service
loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/uwsgi.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
active: active (running) since 五 2018-05-25 16:02:06 cst; 4min 14s ago
process: 103593 execstart=/usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini (code=exited, status=0/success)
process: 103591 execstartpre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/uwsgi.pid (code=exited, status=0/success)
main pid: 103596 (uwsgi)
cgroup: /system.slice/uwsgi.service
├─103596 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini
├─103598 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini
└─103599 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini
5月 25 16:02:06 zpy systemd[1]: starting uwsgi service...
5月 25 16:02:06 zpy uwsgi[103593]: [uwsgi] getting ini configuration from /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini
5月 25 16:02:06 zpy systemd[1]: pid file /run/uwsgi.pid not readable (yet?) after start.
5月 25 16:02:06 zpy systemd[1]: started uwsgi service.
#通过查看uwsgi的日志，如没报错，就接着下一步，部署nginx
5、安装nginx
这里采用yum安装nginx：
yum -y install nginx
配置nginx反向代理uwsgi服务：
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
# load dynamic modules. see /usr/share/nginx/readme.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# see http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/nginx_access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nginx_error.log;
client_max_body_size 75m;
location /static {
alias /djproject/mysite/static/ckeditor/; #指定django的静态文件
}
location / {
include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params; #加载uwsgi模块
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090; #所有请求转到9090端口交给uwsgi处理
}
}
}
此处记录下配置uwsgi和nginx套接字通信的坑：
第一个，nginx日志报错：
connect() to unix:///tmp/uwsgi.sock failed (2: no such file or directory) while connecting to upstream ......
可以明明uwsgi配置sock套接字通信在/tmp目录下明明有uwsgi.sock文件，而且/tmp目录是777权限，为什么nginx找不到套接字文件，经过google，百度查资料终于在*上找到答案：是因为centos7系统中/tmp临时目录，使用了命名空间的临时目录，对于每个服务只能访问自己创建的临时文件，所以我们不应该将sock文件放入/tmp目录，而因该放入/run目录下
第二个，uwsgi日志报错：
bind(): permission denied [core/socket.c line 230]
经过第一个错误折腾，终于可以了，但放入/run目录后，uwsgi启动不了了，权限不够，这个问题解决简单，只需给/run目录，有uwsgi服务用户也就是uid指定的用户有写入权限即可，或者直接给/run目录777的权限但这样不安全。
#chmod o+w /run #我的解决方法
下面是uwsgi和nginx的配置：
#vim /uwsgi.ini [uwsgi] socket = /run/uwsgi.sock #使用sock文件 chdir = /mysite/myblog module = myblog.wsgi master = true processes = 2 threads = 2 max-requests = 2000 vacuum = true home = /mysite daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/uwsgi.log stats = 127.0.0.1:9001 post-buffering = 65535 buffer-size = 65535 harakiri-verbose = true harakiri = 300 pidfile = /run/uwsgi.pid vacuum = true
#vim /etc/ningx/nginx.conf
...
server {
......
location /static {
alias /opt/mysite/static;
}
location / {
include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass unix:///run/uwsgi.sock; #指定sock文件
}
}
...
6、mysql安装配置
#下载二进制包安装 wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz tar zxvf mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz mv mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32 ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32 /usr/local/mysql useradd -s /sbin/nologin -m mysql mkdir /mysql/data -p chown -r mysql.mysql /mysql/data cd /usr/local/mysql #添加配置文件和启动脚本 cp support-files/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld #初始化数据库 ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/mysql/data/ echo $? #修改启动脚本路径 sed -i 's#^basedir=#basedir=/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld sed -i 's#^datadir=#datadir=/mysql/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld #启动和关闭mysql /etc/init.d/mysqld start /etc/init.d/mysqld stop #方法2： /usr/local/mysql/bin/msyql_safe & #后台启动 mysqladmin shutdown #优雅关闭mysql服务 #查看运行状态 #netstat -lntup|grep 3306 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* listen 70099/mysqld #添加系统自启动 chkconfig --add mysqld chkconfig --level 345 mysqld on #添加环境变量 echo "path=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$path" >> /etc/profile source /etc/profile #修改初始化密码 mysqladmin -uroot password '123456' #建立一个数据库，后面要用到 mysql [(none)]> create database django; query ok, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) #centos7下通过epel源yum安装mysql # yum install epel-release # yum -y install mariadb mariadb-devel mariadb-server # systemctl enable mariadb # systemctl start mariadb# mysql -e "select version();" +----------------+ | version() | +----------------+ | 5.5.60-mariadb | +----------------+
#建立个数据库后面要用到 mariadb [(none)]> create database django charset 'utf8'; mariadb [(none)]> grant all on django.* to 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' identified by '123.com'; mariadb [(none)]> flush privileges;
（1）配置django链接mysql：
在setting中，django默认使用的是sqlite数据库：
databases = {
'default': {
'engine': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'name': os.path.join(base_dir, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
修改成mysql数据库配置：
databases = {
'default':{
'engine': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'name': 'django',
'user': 'root',
'password': '123.com',
'host': '127.0.0.1',
'port': '3306',
}
}
engine : 指定数据库驱动，不同的数据库这个字段不同，下面是常见的集中数据库的engine的写法：
django.db.backends.postgresql # postgresql django.db.backends.mysql # mysql django.db.backends.sqlite3 # sqlite django.db.backends.oracle # oracle
name: 指定的数据库名，如果是sqlite的话，就需要填数据库文件的绝对位置
user: 数据库登录的用户名，mysql一般都是root
password：登录数据库的密码，必须是user用户所对应的密码
host: 由于一般的数据库都是c/s结构的，所以得指定数据库服务器的位置，我们一般数据库服务器和客户端都是在一台主机上面，所以一般默认都填127.0.0.1
port：数据库服务器端口，mysql默认为3306
host和port都可以不填，使用默认的配置，但是如果你有更改默认配置的话，就需要填入更改后的
配置完这，下面就需要装python连接mysql数据库的驱动程序,首先，需要安装mysql的开发包
#yum install mysql-devel #安装mysql插件 #pip3 install mysqlclient #安装mysql驱动
#测试django配置 # python3 manage.py check
环境搭建到此就完成了，下面开始开发项目
7、编写一个简单的博客系统
（1）数据建模，规划博客内容字段
#首先装两个包django-ckeditor、pillow分别用来添加富文本和缩略图用
# pip3 install django-ckeditor pillow
#vim app01/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone #导入时间模板
from django.contrib.auth.models import user #导入用户
from ckeditor_uploader.fields import richtextuploadingfield #导入富文本模板
class blog_articles(models.model):
title = models.charfield(max_length=300,verbose_name="文章标题")
author = models.foreignkey(user,on_delete=models.cascade,related_name="blog_posts",verbose_name="文章作者")
body = richtextuploadingfield(verbose_name="文章内容")
description = richtextuploadingfield(verbose_name="文章描述")
publish = models.datetimefield(default=timezone.now,verbose_name="发表时间")
picture = models.imagefield(upload_to="images") #图片
class meta:
ordering = ("-publish",) #按时间倒序排列
def __str__(self):
return self.title #显示文章标题
（2）配置setting.py
#vim mysite/settings.py
installed_apps = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'app01',
'ckeditor', #加入模块到项目
'ckeditor_uploader', #加入模板
]
language_code = 'zh-hans' #配置中文
time_zone = 'asia/shanghai' #配置时区
use_i18n = true
use_l10n = true
use_tz = false #关闭utc时间
static_url = '/static/'
staticfiles_dirs = [os.path.join(base_dir,"static"),] #配置静态文件路径
media_url = '/media/' #媒体文件路由
media_root = os.path.join(base_dir,"static") #媒体文件路径
static_root = os.path.join(base_dir,"static/ckeditor") #配置收集静态文件路径
ckeditor_upload_path = 'uploads/' #指定媒体上传目录的相对路径
ckeditor_image_gackend = 'pillow' #使用pillow模板启用缩略图功能
#具体的ckedito配置文档：https://pypi.org/project/django-ckeditor/
（3）配置admin.py后台
# vim app01/admin.py from django.contrib import admin from .models import blog_articles #导入数据 admin.site.register(blog_articles) #加载到后台
（4）配置url.py路由
# vim mysite/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,re_path,include
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'),
path(r'ckeditor/',include('ckeditor_uploader.urls')) #添加ckeditor路由
]
（5）收集静态文件，生成数据并迁移
# python3 manage.py check
# python3 manage.py collectstatic
# python3 manage.py makemigrations
# python3 manage.py migrate
#执行此处会有一个警告信息，需要配置mysql严格模式,在setting.py文件中的databases中的数据引擎中添加以下配置：
'options': {
'init_command': "set sql_mode='strict_trans_tables'",
},
（5）创建后台账户并验证后台添加文章
# python3 manage.py creatsuperuser unknown command: 'creatsuperuser'. did you mean createsuperuser? type 'manage.py help' for usage. [root@pjyc7 mysite]# python3 manage.py createsuperuser 用户名 (leave blank to use 'root'): admin 电子邮件地址: admin@admin.com password: password (again): 密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。 bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/n]: y superuser created successfully. #重启uwsgi和nginx服务 # systemctl restart uwsgi # systemctl restart nginx
（6）模板展示文章
修改views.py:
#vim app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,get_object_or_404
from .models import blog_articles
def index(request): #主页
blogs = blog_articles.objects.all()
return render(request,"app01/index.html",{"blogs":blogs})
def center(request,article_id): #详情页
article = get_object_or_404(blog_articles,id=article_id)
pub = article.publish
return render(request,"app01/content.html",{"article":article,"publish":pub})
建立模板文件：index.html，content.html
# vim templates/app01/index.html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>{% block title %}个人博客{% endblock %}</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="个人博客" />
<meta name="description" content="个人博客模板" />
<link href="/static/ckeditor/css/base.css" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="/static/ckeditor/css/index.css" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="/static/ckeditor/js/scrollreveal.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<ul class="cbp_tmtimeline">
{% for i in blogs %}
<li>
<time class="cbp_tmtime"><span>{{ i.publish.month }}-{{ i.publish.day }}</span><span>{{ i.publish.year }}</span></time>
<div class="cbp_tmicon"></div>
<div class="cbp_tmlabel" data-scroll-reveal="enter right over 1s" >
<h2>{{ i.title }}</h2>
<p><span class="blogpic"><a href="{{ i.id }}" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ><img src="/static/{{ i.picture }}"></a></span>{{ i.description|safe }}</p>
<a href="{{ i.id }}" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" class="readmore">阅读全文>></a>
</div>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</div>
# vim templates/app01/content.html
<dev>
<h2>{{ article.title }}</h2>
<p><span class="blogpic"><img src="/static/{{ article.picture }}"></span></p>
<span>{{ article.body|safe }}</span>
</dev>
修改路由：urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,re_path,include
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'),
path(r'ckeditor/',include('ckeditor_uploader.urls')),
re_path(r'(?p<article_id>\d)/$',views.center), #详情页获取id显示页面
]
#重启uwsgi和nginx服务....
#查看显示页：点击详情页验证!!!
添加后台过滤器：
#vim app01/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import blog_articles
class blogarticlesadmin(admin.modeladmin):
list_display = ("title","author","publish")
list_filter = ("publish","author")
search_fields = ('title','body')
raw_id_fields = ("author",)
date_hierarchy = "publish"
admin.site.register(blog_articles,blogarticlesadmin)
(7)表单示例
通过template模版与mysql实现简单表单交互
在app目录下的models文件中创建model类用于生成数据表：
#cat app01/models.py
from django.db import models
# create your models here.
class userinfo(models.model):
name = models.charfield(max_length=32)
password = models.charfield(max_length=32)
age = models.integerfield()
salary = models.integerfield()
设置setting.py文件，将app加入到installed_apps中：
installed_apps = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'app01'
]
根据model类创建数据库表：
#cmd进入django项目路径下 #python manage.py migrate #创建表结构，非model类的其他表，django所需要的 #python manage.py makemigrations app名 #做数据迁移的准备 如：python manage.py makemigrations app01 app01是项目中的app名字 #python manage.py migrate # 执行迁移，创建medel表结构
在templages下建立模版文件：
#cat templates/app01/home.html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>test</title>
<style>
body{
background-image: url('/static/78556.jpg');
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post"> #提交数据给自身
<p><input type="text" name="username"/></p>
<p><input type="text" name="password"/></p>
<p><input type="text" name="age"/></p>
<p><input type="text" name="salary"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="提交"/></p>
</form>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>用户名</th>
<th>密码</th>
<th>年龄</th>
<th>工资</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
{% for item in data %} #循环获取传入字典数据
<tr>
<td>{{item.name}}</td>
<td>{{item.password}}</td>
<td>{{item.age}}</td>
<td>{{item.salary}}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>this is test file</h1>
<script src="/static/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
在app下新建视图函数，与数据库交互：
#cat app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import httpresponse
from app01 import models #引入数据类模版
# create your views here.
def home(request): #创建home函数处理请求
if request.method == "post": #判断是否为post提交
#print(request.post)
models.userinfo.objects.create( #提交表单的数据到数据库
name = request.post['username'],
password = request.post['password'],
age = request.post['age'],
salary = request.post['salary'],
)
data = models.userinfo.objects.all() #获取数据库数据
return render(request,'app01/home.html',{'data':data}) #渲染模版文件并传递数据库表给模版
#此处是以post方式提交，需要修改django项目setting设置中的middleware，将csrf安全机制注销了:
middleware = [
'django.middleware.security.securitymiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.sessionmiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.commonmiddleware',
#'django.middleware.csrf.csrfviewmiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.authenticationmiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.messagemiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.xframeoptionsmiddleware',
]
#建立路由：
#cat mysite/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('home/',views.home),
]
重新启动uwsgi：
#uwsgi --stop uwsgi.pid #uwsgi --ini uwsgi.ini
#浏览器访问：http://192.168.146.139/home
#提交数据到数据库后并返回给浏览器客户端
虚拟环境搭建实例：
echo 'ps1="[\[\e[32;40m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[32;40m\]\h\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[33;40m\]\a\[\e[0m\]\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]\[\e[35;40m\]<\#>\[\e[0m\]]\\$"' ~/.bashrc
. ~/.bashrc
#配置epel源：
wget -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
yum clean all
yum makecache
#按照依赖包
yum install libffi-devel openssl openssl-devel zlib-devel bzip2-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel python-devel
#安装python3.7
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.0/python-3.7.0.tar.xz
tar xvf python-3.7.0.tar.xz
mkdir -p /usr/local/python37
cd python-3.7.0
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python37/
make && make install
ln -s /usr/local/python37/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python3
ln -s /usr/local/python37/bin/pip3 /usr/local/bin/pip3
pip3 install --upgrade pip
#配置国内python源
mkdir -p ~/.pip
cat > ~/.pip/pip.conf << efo
[global]
timeout=60
index-url=https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
[install]
trusted-host=https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
efo
#创建虚拟环境
python3 -m venv /mysite
cd mysite/
git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/autoenv.git
echo 'source /mysite/autoenv/activate.sh' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
echo "source /mysite/bin/activate" >/mysite/.env
#在虚拟环境中安装django
pip install django
django-admin.py startproject myblog
cd myblog/
#测试django
vim /mysite/myblog/myblog/settings.py
allowed_hosts = ["*"]
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
#在虚拟环境中安装uwsgi
pip install uwsgi
#测试uwsgi
#创建测试文件
cat test.py
def application(env, start_response):
start_response('200 ok', [('content-type','text/html')])
return [b"hello world"]
uwsgi --http :9000 --wsgi-file test.py
#使用uwsgi测试django
uwsgi --http :9000 --module myblog.wsgi
#安装nginx
yum install nginx
systemctl enable nginx
systemctl start nginx
#nginx配置django和uwsgi反向代理：
location /static {
alias /mysite/myblog;
}
location / {
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_param uwsgi_dir /mysite/myblog;
uwsgi_param uwsgi_module myblog.wsgi;
uwsgi_param uwsgi_env /mysite;
}
#contos7创建系统服务
cat /etc/systemd/system/uwsgi.service
[unit]
description=uwsgi emperor
after=syslog.target
[service]
execstart=/root/uwsgi/uwsgi --ini /etc/uwsgi/emperor.ini
# requires systemd version 211 or newer
runtimedirectory=uwsgi
restart=always
killsignal=sigquit
type=notify
standarderror=syslog
notifyaccess=all
[install]
wantedby=multi-user.target
#uwsgi配置文件：
[uwsgi]
socket = 127.0.0.1:9000
chdir = /root/mysite/myblog
module = myblog.wsgi
master = true
processes = 2
threads = 2
max-requests = 2000
vacuum = true
#home = /root/mysite
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/uwsgi.log
stats = 127.0.0.1:9001
post-buffering = 65535
buffer-size = 65535
harakiri-verbose = true
harakiri = 300
pidfile = /run/uwsgi.pid
venv = /root/mysite/.venv
#常用选项：
--http 在指定的地址上添加http端口
--http-socket 使用http协议绑定到指定的unix/tcp套接字上
--wsgi-file 加载wsgi文件
--processes 指定进程数
--threads 指定每个进程的线程数
-m --master 启用主进程
--stats 指定状态查询绑定地址端口,如:127.0.0.1:9001
-s --socket 使用默认协议绑定到指定的unix/tcp套接字
--chdir：指定工程的绝对路径，如django的项目路径
--module：指定web应用的api，如django项目下的wsgi.py接口文件
--max-requests：最大请求数
--daemonize：指定uwsgi日志文件路径
--post-buffering：设置缓冲区
--buffer-size：设置缓冲区文件大小
--harakiri-verbose：设置超时true为开启
--harakiri：设置超时时间
--uid、--gid：设置用户和组
--pidfile：指定启动时的pid文件路径
--venv 指定python虚拟环境
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