Python接口自动化浅析requests请求封装原理

在上一篇python接口自动化测试系列文章：python接口自动化浅析token应用原理，介绍token基本概念、运行原理及在自动化中接口如何携带token进行访问。

以下主要介绍如何封装请求

还记得我们之前写的get请求、post请求么？

大家应该有体会，每个请求类型都写成单独的函数，代码复用性不强。

接下来将请求类型都封装起来，自动化用例都可以用这个封装的请求类进行请求

将常用的get、post请求封装起来

import requests
class requesthandler:
    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
        """封装get方法"""
        # 获取请求参数
        params = kwargs.get("params")
        headers = kwargs.get("headers")
        try:
            result = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers)
            return result
        except exception as e:
            print("get请求错误: %s" % e)
    def post(self, url, **kwargs):
        """封装post方法"""
        # 获取请求参数
        params = kwargs.get("params")
        data = kwargs.get("data")
        json = kwargs.get("json")
        try:
            result = requests.post(url, params=params, data=data, json=json)
            return result
        except exception as e:
            print("post请求错误: %s" % e)
    def run_main(self, method, **kwargs):
        """
        判断请求类型
        :param method: 请求接口类型
        :param kwargs: 选填参数
        :return: 接口返回内容
        """
        if method == 'get':
            result = self.get(**kwargs)
            return result
        elif method == 'post':
            result = self.post(**kwargs)
            return result
        else:
            print('请求接口类型错误')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以下是测试代码
    # get请求接口
    url = 'https://api.apiopen.top/getjoke?page=1&count=2&type=video'
    res = requesthandler().get(url)
    # post请求接口
    url2 = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
    payload = {
        "username": "vivi",
        "password": "123456"
    }
    res2 = requesthandler().post(url2,json=payload)
    print(res.json())
    print(res2.json())

请求结果如下：

{'code': 200, 'message': '成功!', 'result': [{'sid': '31004305', 'text': '羊：师傅，理个发，稍微修一下就行', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4', 'images': none, 'up': '95', 'down': '1', 'forward': '0', 'comment': '25', 'uid': '23189193', 'name': '青川小舟', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content': none, 'top_comments_voiceuri': none, 'top_comments_uid': none, 'top_comments_name': none, 'top_comments_header': none, 'passtime': '2020-04-12 01:43:02'}, {'sid': '30559863', 'text': '机器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都会，价格239000元', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4', 'images': none, 'up': '80', 'down': '6', 'forward': '3', 'comment': '20', 'uid': '23131273', 'name': '水到渠成', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content': '为游戏做的秀', 'top_comments_voiceuri': '', 'top_comments_uid': '10250040', 'top_comments_name': '不得姐用户', 'top_comments_header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile', 'passtime': '2020-04-11 20:43:49'}]}
{'token': 'eyj0exaioijkv1qilcjhbgcioijiuzi1nij9.eyj1c2vyx2lkijoxlcj1c2vybmftzsi6inzpdmkilcjlehaioje1ody4ntc0mzcsimvtywlsijoidml2aubxcs5jb20ifq.k6y0dafnu2o9hd9lffxek1hkgczlqfuake-impftsm4', 'user_id': 1, 'username': 'vivi'}

这样就完美了吗，no,no,no。

以上代码痛点如下：

代码量大：只是封装了get、post请求，加上其他请求类型，代码量较大；

缺少会话管理：请求之间如何保持会话状态。

我们再来回顾下get、post等请求源码，看下是否有啥特点。

get请求源码：

def get(url, params=none, **kwargs):
    r"""sends a get request.
    :param url: url for the new :class:`request` object.
    :param params: (optional) dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`response <response>` object
    :rtype: requests.response
    """
    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', true)
    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

post请求源码：

def post(url, data=none, json=none, **kwargs):
    r"""sends a post request.
    :param url: url for the new :class:`request` object.
    :param data: (optional) dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`response <response>` object
    :rtype: requests.response
    """
    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 

仔细研究下，发现get、post请求返回的都是request函数。

再来研究下request源码：

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """constructs and sends a :class:`request <request>`.
    :param method: method for the new :class:`request` object.
    :param url: url for the new :class:`request` object.
    :param params: (optional) dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`request`.
    :param data: (optional) dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`request`.
    :param json: (optional) a json serializable python object to send in the body of the :class:`request`.
    :param headers: (optional) dictionary of http headers to send with the :class:`request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) dict or cookiejar object to send with the :class:`request`.
    :param files: (optional) dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) auth tuple to enable basic/digest/custom http auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) how many seconds to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) boolean. enable/disable get/options/post/put/patch/delete/head redirection. defaults to ``true``.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) dictionary mapping protocol to the url of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
            the server's tls certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
            to a ca bundle to use. defaults to ``true``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``false``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if string, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). if tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`response <response>` object
    :rtype: requests.response
    usage::
      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('get', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
      <response [200]>
    """
    # by using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a resourcewarning in some
    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
    with sessions.session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

源码看起来很长，其实只有三行，大部分是代码注释。

从源码中可以看出，不管是get还是post亦或其他请求类型，最终都是调用request函数。

既然这样，我们可以不像之前那样，在类内定义get方法、post方法，而是定义一个通用的方法

直接调用request函数

看起来有点绕，用代码实现就清晰了。

import requests
class requesthandler:
    def __init__(self):
        """session管理器"""
        self.session = requests.session()
    def visit(self, method, url, params=none, data=none, json=none, headers=none, **kwargs):
        return self.session.request(method,url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers,**kwargs)
    def close_session(self):
        """关闭session"""
        self.session.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以下是测试代码
    # post请求接口
    url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
    payload = {
        "username": "vivi",
        "password": "123456"
    }
    req = requesthandler()
    login_res = req.visit("post", url, json=payload)
    print(login_res.text)

响应结果：

{
    "token": "eyj0exaioijkv1qilcjhbgcioijiuzi1nij9.eyj1c2vyx2lkijoxlcj1c2vybmftzsi6inzpdmkilcjlehaioje1ody4njk3odqsimvtywlsijoidml2aubxcs5jb20ifq.od4hiv8g0hz_rck-gtvaz9adrjwqr3o0e32cc_2jmlg",
    "user_id": 1,
    "username": "vivi"
}

这次请求封装简洁实用，当然小伙伴们也可以根据自己的需求自行封装。

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