React 状态管理工具 - Redux 学习笔记

程序员文章站 2022-06-19 15:34:58

React 状态管理工具 - Redux文章出处：拉勾大前端高薪训练营1. Redux 核心1.1 Redux 介绍JavaScript 状态容器，提供可预测化的状态管理1.2 Redux 核心概念及流程Store: 存储状态的容器，JavaScript 对象View: 视图，HTML页面Actions: 对象，描述对状态进行怎样的操作Reducers: 函数，操作状态并返回新的状态1.3 Redux 使用：计数器案例

React 状态管理工具 - Redux

文章出处：拉勾大前端高薪训练营

1. Redux 核心

1.1 Redux 介绍

JavaScript 状态容器，提供可预测化的状态管理

1.2 Redux 核心概念及流程

Store: 存储状态的容器，JavaScript 对象
View: 视图，HTML页面
Actions: 对象，描述对状态进行怎样的操作
Reducers: 函数，操作状态并返回新的状态

1.3 Redux 使用：计数器案例

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Redux</title>
</head>
<body>
  <button id="minus">-</button>
  <span id="count">0</span>
  <button id="plus">+</button>

  <script src="./redux.min.js"></script>
  <script>

    // 3. 存储默认状态
    const initialState = {
      count: 0
    }

    // 2. 创建 reducer 函数
    function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
      switch (action.type) {
        case 'increment':
          return { count: state.count + 1 };
        case 'decrement':
          return { count: state.count - 1 };
        default:
          return state;
      }
    }

    // 1. 创建 store 对象
    const store = Redux.createStore(reducer);

    // 4. 定义 action 
    const increment = { type: 'increment' }
    const decrement = { type: 'decrement' }

    // 5. 获取按钮 给按钮添加点击事件
    document.getElementById('minus')
    .addEventListener('click', function () {
      // 6. 获取dispatch  触发 action 
      store.dispatch(decrement)
    })
    document.getElementById('plus')
    .addEventListener('click', function () {
      // 6. 获取dispatch  触发 action 
      store.dispatch(increment)
    })

    // 获取store {dispatch: ƒ, subscribe: ƒ, getState: ƒ, replaceReducer: ƒ, Symbol(observable): ƒ}
    console.log(store)
    // 获取 store 中存储的状态 state
    console.log(store.getState());

    // 订阅数据的变化
    store.subscribe(() => {
      console.log(store.getState())
      document.getElementById('count').innerHTML = store.getState().count
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

1.4 Redux 核心API

// 创建 store 对象
const store = Redux.createStore(reducer);

// 2. 创建 reducer 函数
function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'increment':
      return { count: state.count + 1 };
    case 'decrement':
      return { count: state.count - 1 };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

// 获取 store 中存储的状态 state
store.getState()

// 订阅数据的变化
store.subscribe(() => {
  console.log(store.getState())
});

// 获取dispatch  触发 action 
store.dispatch(increment)

2. React + Redux

2.1 在 React 中不使用 Redux 时遇到的问题

在 React 中组件通信的数据流是单向的，顶层组件可以通过 Props 属性向下层组件传递数据，而下层组件不能向上层组件传递数据。要实现下层组件修改数据，需要上层组件传递修改数据的方法到下层组件。等项目越来越大的时候，组件间传递数据变得越来越困难。

2.2 在 React 项目中加入 Redux 的好处

使用 Redux 管理数据，由于 Store 独立于组件，使得数据管理独立于组件，解决了组件与组件之间传递数据困难的问题。

2.3 下载 Redux

npm install redux react-redux

2.4 Redux 工作流程

组件通过 dispatch 方法触发 Action
Store 接受 Action 并将 Action 分发给Reducer
Reducer 根据 Action 类型对状态进行更改并将更改后的状态返回给 Store
组件订阅了 Store 中的状态， Store 中的状态更新会同步到组件

2.5 Redux 使用步骤

2.5.1 创建 store

// src/store/index.js
import { createStore } from 'redux'
import reducer from './reducers/counter.reducer'
export const store = createStore(reducer)

在根组件中使用store：

import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import Counter from './components/Counter'
import { Provider } from 'react-redux'
import {store} from './store'
/**
 * react-redux
 * Provider
 * connect
 */

ReactDOM.render(
  // 通过 provider 组件，将store 放在了全局的组件可以够得着的地方
  <Provider store={store}>
    <Counter />
  </Provider>,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

2.5.2 创建 reducer

// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../count/counter.const";

const initialState = {
  count: 0
}

export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case INCREMENT:
      return { count: state.count + 1 };
    case DECREMENT:
      return { count: state.count - 1 };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

// src/store/count/counter.const.js
export const INCREMENT = 'increment'
export const DECREMENT = 'decrement'

2.5.3 在组件中使用 connect 接受 store 里面的 state 和 dispatch

connect方法接受两个参数，返回一个高阶组件。
connect方法的第一个参数是mapStateToProps方法，将store中的state传递到组件的props中，mapStateToProps方法的参数是state，返回值是一个对象，会传递到组件中，写法如下：

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
  count: state.count,
  a: 'a', // 这里怎么定义，组件中就可以或得到一个属性
})

connect方法的第二个参数是mapDispatchToProps方法，将store中的dispatch传递到组件的props中，mapDispatchToProps方法的参数是dispatch，返回值是一个对象，对象中的方法可以使用dispatch,这个对象中的方法会传递到组件中，写法如下：

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({
  increment () {
    dispatch({ type: 'increment'})
  },
  decrement () {
    dispatch({ type: 'decrement' })
  }
})

此外，我们还可以通过redux中的bindActionCreators来帮我们创建action函数:

import {bindActionCreators} from 'redux'

// bindActionCreators 会返回一个对象
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => (
  // 解构
  ...bindActionCreators({
    increment () {
      return { type: 'increment'}
    },
    decrement () {
      return { type: 'decrement'}
    }
  }, dispatch)
)

或者写成：

const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators({
    increment () {
      return { type: 'increment'}
    },
    decrement () {
      return { type: 'decrement'}
    }
  }, dispatch)

也可以将bindActionCreators的第一个参数进行抽离：

import * as counterActions from '../store/actions/counter.actions'

const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(conterActions, dispatch)

// src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../count/counter.const"

export const increment = () => ({type: INCREMENT})
export const decrement = () => ({type: DECREMENT})

connect方法接受mapStateToProps和mapDispatchToProps，返回一个高阶组件，然后传入Counter组件进行导出：

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Counter)

最终组件代码如下：

// src/components/Counter.js
import React from 'react'
import {connect} from 'react-redux'
import {bindActionCreators} from 'redux'
import * as counterActions from '../store/actions/counter.actions'

function Counter ({count, increment, decrement}) {
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={decrement}>-</button>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={increment}>+</button>
    </div>
  )
}

// 1. connect 会帮助我们去订阅 store，当store中的状态发生了变化后，可以帮我们重新渲染组件
// 2. connect 方法可以让我们获取 store 中的状态，将状态通过组建的props属性映射给组件
// 3. connect 方法可以让我们获取 dispatch 方法

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
  count: state.count,
  a: 'a', // 这里怎么定义，组件中就可以或得到一个属性
})

const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(counterActions, dispatch)
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Counter)

2.5.4 为 action 传递参数

传递参数

<button onClick={() => increment(5)}> + 5</button>

接受参数，传递reducer

export const increment = payload => ({type: INCREMENT, payload})
export const decrement = payload => ({type: DECREMENT, payload})

reducer根据接受收到的数据进行处理

export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case INCREMENT:
      return { count: state.count + action.payload };
    case DECREMENT:
      return { count: state.count - action.payload };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

2.6 redux 实现弹出框案例

store中的状态越多，reducer中的switch分支就会越多，不利于维护，需要拆分reducer

src/index.js

// src/index.js
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import App from './App';
import { Provider } from 'react-redux'
import {store} from './store'

ReactDOM.render(
  // 通过 provider 组件，将store 放在了全局的组件可以够得着的地方
  <Provider store={store}>
    <App />
  </Provider>,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
import { createStore } from 'redux'
import reducer from './reducers/counter.reducer'

export const store = createStore(reducer)

src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js

// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const";

const initialState = {
  count: 0,
  show: false
}

export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case INCREMENT:
      return { ...state, count: state.count + action.payload };
    case DECREMENT:
      return { ...state, count: state.count - action.payload };
    case SHOWMODAL:
      return { ...state, show: true };
    case HIDEMODAL:
      return { ...state, show: false };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

src/App.js

// src/App.js
import Modal from './components/Modal'
import Counter from './components/Counter'

function App() {
  return (
    <div className="App">
      <Counter />
      <Modal />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

src/components/Modal.js

// src/components/Modal.js
import React from 'react'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
import * as modalActions from '../store/actions/modal.actions'

function Modal ({ showStatus, show, hide }) {
  const styles = {
    display: showStatus ? 'block': 'none',
    width: 200,
    height: 200,
    position: 'absolute',
    top: 0,
    right: 0,
    bottom: 0,
    left: 0,
    margin: 'auto',
    backgroundColor: 'skyblue'
  }
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={show}>显示</button>
      <button onClick={hide}>隐藏</button>
      <div style={styles}></div>
    </div>
  )
}

const mapStateToProps = state => ({
  showStatus: state.show
})
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(modalActions, dispatch)

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Modal)

src/store/actions/modal.action.js

// src/store/actions/modal.action.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const"

export const show = () => ({ type: SHOWMODAL })
export const hide = () => ({ type: HIDEMODAL })

src/store/const/modal.const.js

// src/store/const/modal.const.js
export const SHOWMODAL = 'showModal'
export const HIDEMODAL = 'hideModal'

2.7 拆分`reducer`

使用reducer提供的工具combineReducers合并每一个小的reducer

src/store/reducers/root.reducer.js

// src/store/reducers/root.reducer.js
import {combineReducers} from 'redux'
import CounterReducer from './counter.reducer'
import ModalReducer from './modal.reducer'

// { counter: { count: 0 }, modal: { show: false } }
export default combineReducers({
  counter: CounterReducer,
  modal: ModalReducer
})

src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js

// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";

const initialState = {
  count: 0,
}

export default function counterReducer (state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case INCREMENT:
      return { ...state, count: state.count + action.payload };
    case DECREMENT:
      return { ...state, count: state.count - action.payload };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

src/store/reducers/modal.reducer.js

// src/store/reducers/modal.reducer.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const";
const initialState = {
  show: false
}

export default function modalReducer (state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case SHOWMODAL:
      return { ...state, show: true };
    case HIDEMODAL:
      return { ...state, show: false };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

创建store时传入的reducer则来自于我们刚才定义的root.reducer.js

import { createStore } from 'redux'
import RootReducer from './reducers/root.reducer'

export const store = createStore(RootReducer)

在每个组件中的mapStateToProps中也要发生相应的改变(state.counter和state.modal)：

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
  count: state.counter.count,
})

const mapStateToProps = state => ({
  showStatus: state.modal.show
})

3. Redux 中间件

3.1 什么是中间件

中间价允许我们扩展和增强 redux 应用程序

3.2 开发 Redux 中间件

开发中间件的模板

export default store => next => action => {  }

3.3 注册中间件

中间件在开发完成以后只有被注册才能在 Redux 的工作流程中生效

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'
import logger from './middlewares/logger'

createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(
  logger
))

src/store/middleware/logger.js

const logger = store => next => action => {
  console.log(store)
  console.log(action)
  next(action) // 千万别忘了调用 next(action)
}
export default logger

如果注册多个中间件，中间件的执行顺序就是注册顺序，如：

createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(
  logger,
  test
))

那么执行顺序就是先执行logger中间件，再执行test中间件。
如果中间件中的结尾不调用next(action)，则整个流程就会卡在此处不会再往后执行了

3.4 Redux 中间件开发实例 thunk （异步中间件）

当前这个中间件函数不关心你想执行什么样的异步操作，只关心你执行的是不是异步操作，
如果你执行的是异步操作，你在触发 action 的时候，给我传递一个函数，如果执行的是同步操作，就传递一个 action 对象，
异步操作代码要写在你传进来的函数中
当这个中间件函数，在调用你传进来的函数时要将 dispatch 方法传递过去

src/store/middleware/thunk.js

// src/store/middleware/thunk.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";

const thunk = ({dispatch}) => next => action => {
  if (typeof action === 'function') {
    return action(dispatch) // action 方法内部会发起新的 dispatch 
  }
  next(action)
}
export default thunk

在action文件中定义异步函数action：

src/store/actions/modal.actions.js

// src/store/actions/modal.actions.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const"

export const show = () => ({ type: SHOWMODAL })
export const hide = () => ({ type: HIDEMODAL })

export const show_async = () => dispatch => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    dispatch(show())
  }, 2000);
}

原本使用show的地方，现在改用show_async,实现了异步的功能

4. Redux 常用中间件

4.1 redux-thunk

4.1.1 redux-thunk 下载

npm install redux-thunk

4.1.2 引入 redux-thunk

import thunk from 'redux-thunk';

4.1.3 注册 redux-thunk

import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux'
createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(thunk));

4.1.4 使用 redux-thunk 中间件

const loadPosts = () => async dispatch => {
  const posts = await axios.get('/api/posts').then(response => response.data);
  dispatch({type: LOADPOSTSSUCCE, payload: posts});
}

4.2 redux-saga

4.2.1 redux-saga 解决的问题

redux-saga可以将异步操作从Action Creator文件中抽离出来，放在一个单独的文件中。

4.2.2 下载redux-saga

npm install redux-saga

4.2.3 创建 redux-saga 中间件

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();

4.2.4 注册 sagaMiddleware

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware))

4.2.5 使用 saga 接受 action 异步执行操作

src/store/sagas/counter.saga.js

// src/store/sagas/counter.saga.js
import { takeEvery, put, delay } from 'redux-saga/effects'
import { increment } from '../actions/counter.actions'
import { INCREMENT_ASYNC } from '../const/counter.const'

// takeEvery 接收 action 
// put 触发 action 

function * increment_async_fn (action) {
  yield delay(2000) // 此处会暂停2秒钟
  yield put(increment(action.payload))
}

export default function * counterSaga () {
  // 接收 action
  yield takeEvery(INCREMENT_ASYNC, increment_async_fn) // 第二个函数形参会接受一个 action 函数
}

src/store/actions/counter.actions.js

// src/store/actions/counter.actions.js

// 给 saga 使用
export const increment_async = (payload) => ({ type: INCREMENT_ASYNC, payload });

src/store/const/counter.const.js

// src/store/const/counter.const.js
export const INCREMENT_ASYNC = 'increment_async'

src/components/Counter.js

      <button onClick={() => increment_async(20)}>+</button>

4.2.6 启动 saga

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
import counterSaga from './sagas/counter.saga'

sagaMiddleware.run(counterSaga);

4.2.7 合并 saga

src/store/saga/root.saga.js

// src/store/saga/root.saga.js
import { all } from 'redux-saga/effects'
import counterSaga from './counter.saga'
import modalSaga from './modal.saga'

export default function * rootSaga () {
  yield all([
    counterSaga(),
    modalSaga()
  ])
}

modal.saga.js 没变，modal.saga.js 如下

src/store/saga/modal.saga.js

// src/store/saga/modal.saga.js
import { takeEvery, put, delay } from 'redux-saga/effects'
import { show } from '../actions/modal.actions'
import { SHOWMODAL_ASYNC } from '../const/modal.const'

// takeEvery 接收 action 
// put 触发 action 

function * showModal_async_fn () {
  yield delay(2000)
  yield put(show())
}

export default function * modalSaga () {
  // 接收 action
  yield takeEvery(SHOWMODAL_ASYNC, showModal_async_fn)
}

store 入口文件中的 saga 中间件启动 root.saga

src/store/index.js

// src/store/index.js
import rootSaga from './sagas/root.saga'

sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga)

4.3 redux-actions

4.3.1 redux-actions 解决的问题

redux 流程中大量的样板代码读写很痛苦，使用 redux-action 可以简化 Action 和 Reducer 的处理

4.3.2 redux-action 下载

npm install redux-actions

4.3.3 创建 Action

import { createAction } from 'redux-actions'

const increment_action = createAction('increment');
const decrement_action = createAction('decrement');

4.3.4 创建 Reducer

src/store/actions/counter.actions.js

src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
// 使用 redux-actions 
import { createAction } from 'redux-actions'

export const increment = createAction('increment')
export const decrement = createAction('decrement')

src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js

// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { handleActions as createReducer } from 'redux-actions'
import { increment, decrement } from '../actions/counter.actions'
const initialState = {
  count: 0,
}
const handleIncrement = (state, action) => ({
  count: state.count + action.payload
})

const handleDecrement = (state, action) => ({
  count: state.count - action.payload
})

export default createReducer({
  [increment]: handleIncrement,
  [decrement]: handleDecrement,
}, initialState)

组件使用：
src/components/Counter.js

// src/components/Counter.js
function Counter ({count, increment, decrement}) {
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => decrement(1)}>-</button>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => increment(1)}>+</button>
    </div>
  )
}

redux-actions 也可以结合在 redux-saga 中使用

本文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/jal517486222/article/details/111875000

React 状态管理工具 - Redux 学习笔记