Python 通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映的电影信息

前言

声明一下：本文主要是研究使用，没有别的用途。

github仓库地址：github项目仓库

页面分析

主要爬取页面为:https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/

至于后面的地区，可以按照自己的需要改一下，不过多赘述了。页面需要点击一下展开全部影片，才能显示全部内容，不然只有15部。所以我们使用selenium的时候，需要加一个打开页面后的点击逻辑。页面图如下：

通过f12展开的源码，用xpath helper工具验证一下右键复制下来的xpath路径。

为了避免布局调整导致找不到，我把xpath改为通过class名获取。

然后看看每个影片的信息。

分析一下，是不是可以通过nowplaying的div，作为根节点，然后获取下面class为list-item的节点，里面的属性就是我们要的内容。

没什么问题，那么就按照这个思路开始创建项目编码吧。

实现过程

创建项目

创建一个较douban_playing的项目，使用scrapy命令。

scrapy startproject douban_playing

item定义

定义电影信息实体。

# define here the models for your scraped items
#
# see documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
 
import scrapy
 
 
class doubanplayingitem(scrapy.item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.field()
    # 电影名
    title = scrapy.field()
    # 电影分数
    score = scrapy.field()
    # 电影发行年份
    release = scrapy.field()
    # 电影时长
    duration = scrapy.field()
    # 地区
    region = scrapy.field()
    # 电影导演
    director = scrapy.field()
    # 电影主演
    actors = scrapy.field()

中间件操作定义

主要是点击展开全部影片，需要加一段代码。

# define here the models for your spider middleware
#
# see documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
import time
 
from scrapy import signals
 
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, itemadapter
from scrapy.http import htmlresponse
from selenium.common.exceptions import timeoutexception
 
 
class doubanplayingspidermiddleware:
    # not all methods need to be defined. if a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.
 
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # this method is used by scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s
 
    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        # called for each response that goes through the spider
        # middleware and into the spider.
 
        # should return none or raise an exception.
        return none
 
    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        # called with the results returned from the spider, after
        # it has processed the response.
 
        # must return an iterable of request, or item objects.
        for i in result:
            yield i
 
    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        # called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
        # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.
 
        # should return either none or an iterable of request or item objects.
        pass
 
    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        # called with the start requests of the spider, and works
        # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
        # that it doesn't have a response associated.
 
        # must return only requests (not items).
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r
 
    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        spider.logger.info('spider opened: %s' % spider.name)
 
 
class doubanplayingdownloadermiddleware:
    # not all methods need to be defined. if a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.
 
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # this method is used by scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s
 
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.
 
        # must either:
        # - return none: continue processing this request
        # - or return a response object
        # - or return a request object
        # - or raise ignorerequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called
        # return none
        try:
            spider.browser.get(request.url)
            spider.browser.maximize_window()
            time.sleep(2)
            spider.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='more']").click()
            # actionchains(spider.browser).click(searchbuttonelement)
            time.sleep(5)
            return htmlresponse(url=spider.browser.current_url, body=spider.browser.page_source,
                                encoding="utf-8", request=request)
        except timeoutexception as e:
            print('超时异常:{}'.format(e))
            spider.browser.execute_script('window.stop()')
        finally:
            spider.browser.close()
 
    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # called with the response returned from the downloader.
 
        # must either;
        # - return a response object
        # - return a request object
        # - or raise ignorerequest
        return response
 
    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
 
        # must either:
        # - return none: continue processing this exception
        # - return a response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a request object: stops process_exception() chain
        pass
 
    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        spider.logger.info('spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

爬虫定义

按照属性名，我们取出所有的影片信息。注意取出属性的写法。

#!/user/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
"""
@project : douban_playing
@author  : huyi
@file   : douban_playing.py
@ide    : pycharm
@time   : 2021-11-10 16:31:23
"""
 
import scrapy
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import options
 
from douban_playing.items import doubanplayingitem
 
 
class doubanplayingspider(scrapy.spider):
    name = 'dbp'
    # allowed_domains = ['blog.csdn.net']
    start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/']
    nowplaying = "//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='mod-bd']//*[@class='list-item']/@{}"
    properties = ['data-title', 'data-score', 'data-release', 'data-duration', 'data-region', 'data-director',
                  'data-actors']
 
    def __init__(self):
        chrome_options = options()
        chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')  # 使用无头谷歌浏览器模式
        chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
        chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
        self.browser = webdriver.chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options,
                                        executable_path="e:\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe")
        self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(30)
 
    def parse(self, response, **kwargs):
        titles = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[0])).extract()
        scores = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[1])).extract()
        releases = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[2])).extract()
        durations = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[3])).extract()
        regions = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[4])).extract()
        directors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[5])).extract()
        actors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[6])).extract()
        for x in range(len(titles)):
            item = doubanplayingitem()
            item['title'] = titles[x]
            item['score'] = scores[x]
            item['release'] = releases[x]
            item['duration'] = durations[x]
            item['region'] = regions[x]
            item['director'] = directors[x]
            item['actors'] = actors[x]
            yield item

数据管道定义

还是老样子，把取出的电影数据按照格式输出在文本中。

# define your item pipelines here
#
# don't forget to add your pipeline to the item_pipelines setting
# see: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
 
 
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import itemadapter
 
 
class doubanplayingpipeline:
    def __init__(self):
        self.file = open('result.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
 
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.file.write(
            "电影:{}\t分数:{}\t发行年份:{}\t电影时长:{}\t地区:{}\t电影导演:{}\t电影主演:{}\n".format(
                item['title'],
                item['score'],
                item['release'],
                item['duration'],
                item['region'],
                item['director'],
                item['actors']))
        return item
 
    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.file.close()

配置设置

都是一些常规的，放开几个默认配置就行。

# scrapy settings for douban_playing project
#
# for simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. you can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
 
bot_name = 'douban_playing'
 
spider_modules = ['douban_playing.spiders']
newspider_module = 'douban_playing.spiders'
 
 
# crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#user_agent = 'douban_playing (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
user_agent = 'mozilla/5.0'
 
# obey robots.txt rules
robotstxt_obey = false
 
# configure maximum concurrent requests performed by scrapy (default: 16)
#concurrent_requests = 32
 
# configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# see also autothrottle settings and docs
#download_delay = 3
# the download delay setting will honor only one of:
#concurrent_requests_per_domain = 16
#concurrent_requests_per_ip = 16
 
# disable cookies (enabled by default)
cookies_enabled = false
 
# disable telnet console (enabled by default)
#telnetconsole_enabled = false
 
# override the default request headers:
default_request_headers = {
    'accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'accept-language': 'en',
    'user-agent': 'mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 6.2; wow64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/27.0.1453.94 safari/537.36'
}
 
# enable or disable spider middlewares
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
spider_middlewares = {
   'douban_playing.middlewares.doubanplayingspidermiddleware': 543,
}
 
# enable or disable downloader middlewares
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
downloader_middlewares = {
   'douban_playing.middlewares.doubanplayingdownloadermiddleware': 543,
}
 
# enable or disable extensions
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#extensions = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.telnetconsole': none,
#}
 
# configure item pipelines
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
item_pipelines = {
   'douban_playing.pipelines.doubanplayingpipeline': 300,
}
 
# enable and configure the autothrottle extension (disabled by default)
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#autothrottle_enabled = true
# the initial download delay
#autothrottle_start_delay = 5
# the maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#autothrottle_max_delay = 60
# the average number of requests scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#autothrottle_target_concurrency = 1.0
# enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#autothrottle_debug = false
 
# enable and configure http caching (disabled by default)
# see https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#httpcache_enabled = true
#httpcache_expiration_secs = 0
#httpcache_dir = 'httpcache'
#httpcache_ignore_http_codes = []
#httpcache_storage = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.filesystemcachestorage'

执行验证

还是老样子，不直接使用scrapy命令，构造一个py执行cmd。注意该py的位置。

看一下执行后的结果。

完美！！！

总结

最近都在写一些爬虫的案例，也是边学习边摸索，把一些实现过程记录一下，也分享一下，等过段时间还可以回忆回忆。

分享：

情之一字，不知所起，不知所栖，不知所结，不知所解，不知所踪，不知所终。 ——《雪中悍刀行》

如果本文对你有用的话，请不要吝啬你的赞，谢谢！

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