什么是JSON jsonJavaScriptIDEA正则表达式Erlang
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2022-05-31 13:04:05
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摘要
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 是一种轻量级、基于文本、语言无关的数据交换格式。它是从ECMAScript语言标准衍生而来的。JSON为轻便的表示结构化数据,定义了一小套格式化规则
1. 说明
JSON是结构化数据串行化的文本格式。它衍生自Javascript的对象实字,这定义在ECMAScript语言标准第三版中。JSON能够描述四种简单的类型(字符串、数字、布尔值及null)和两种结构化类型(对象及数组)。字符串(string)是零个或多个Unicode字符的序列。对象(object)是无次序的零个或多个名/值(name/value)对的集合,这里的name是string类型,value则可以是string、number、boolean、null、object或array类型。数组(array)是零个或多个value的有序序列。"object"和"array"这两个术语来自JavaScript规范。JSON的设计目标是使它成为小的、轻便的、文本的,而且是JavaScript的一个子集。
1.1. 本文档使用的术语/约定
本文档中的关键字:"MUST"、"MUST NOT"、"REQUIRED"、"SHALL"、"SHALL NOT", "SHOULD"、"SHOULD NOT"、"RECOMMENDED"、"MAY"和"OPTIONAL",按照[RFC2119]中所描述的来解释。本文档中的语法规则按照[RFC4234]中所描述的来解释。
2. JSON语法
JSON文本是一个标记符的序列。这套标记符包含六个构造字符、字符串、数字和三个实字名。JSON文本一个串行化的对象或数组。
- JSON-text = object / array
以下是六个构造字符:
- begin-array = ws %x5B ws ; [ 左方括号
- begin-object = ws %x7B ws ; { 左大括号
- end-array = ws %x5D ws ; ] 右方括号
- end-object = ws %x7D ws ; } 右大括号
- name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; : 冒号
- value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , 逗号
在这六个构造字符的前或后允许存在无意义的空白符。
- ws = *(
%x20 / ; 空格符%x09 / ; 水平制表符%x0A / ; 换行符%x0D ; 回车符)
2.1. 值
JSON必须(MUST)是一个对象、数组、数字或字符串,或者是下面三个实字名之一:
- false null true
实字名必须(MUST)是小写的,且不允许有其它的实字名。
- value = false / null / true / object / array / number / string
false = %x66.61.6c.73.65 ; falsenull = %x6e.75.6c.6c ; nulltrue = %x74.72.75.65 ; true
2.2. 对象
对象结构被表示为:一对大括号包围着零个或多个name/value对(或者是成员) 。名是string类型的。每个名后面根一个冒号,把名与值分开。逗号则隔开紧跟在值后的另一个名。对象中的这些名应该(SHOULD)是唯一的。
- object = begin-object [ member *( value-separator member ) ] end-object
- member = string name-separator value
2.3. 数组
数组结构表示为:方括号包围着零个或多个值(或是元素)。元素间以逗号相隔。
- array = begin-array [ value *( value-separator value ) ] end-array
2.4. 数字
数字的表示法与其它多数编程语言相似。一个数字包括一个可能带着负号的整数成分,它后面可能跟着一个小数部分或是指数部分。不允许有八进制及十六进制形式。前面带有0也是被禁止的。小数部分是一个小数点后跟着一个或多个阿拉伯数字。指数部分以大写或小写的E开头,E后面可以跟一个正/负号。接着是一个或多个阿拉伯数字。数字值不能表示成阿拉伯数字数字的序列(如Infinity和Nan是不允许的)。
- number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]
decimal-point = %x2E ; .digit1-9 = %x31-39 ; 1-9e = %x65 / %x45 ; e Eexp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGITfrac = decimal-point 1*DIGITint = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )minus = %x2D ; -plus = %x2B ; +zero = %x30 ; 0
2.5. 字符串
字符串的表示法与C语言家族的规范类似。string以引号开始与结束。所有的Unicode字符都可以放置在引号中,除了转义字符:引号、反斜杆\、控制符(U+0000 - U+001F)。所有的这些字符都因该避免。如果字符在基本的多语言环境中(U+0000 - U+FFFF),它可以以这样的六字符序列表示:一个反斜杆,后面跟一个字母U,再跟四个字符代号的十六进制编码的阿拉伯数字。A - F这些十六进制字母可以小写。所以像只包含一个反斜杆的字符可以表示成:"\u005C"。另一种办法,可以用两个转义字符序列来表示一些常用的字符。所以像只包含一个反斜杆字符的字符串可以更简洁的表示成"\\"。转义一个在多语言环境中不存在的字符,这个字符可以表示成一个12字符的序列,编码为UTF-16的代用对(UTF-16 surrogate pair)。所以像只包含一个G音谱字符的字符串可以表示为"\uD834\uDD1E"。
- string = quotation-mark *char quotation-mark
char = unescaped /escape (%x22 / ; " quotation mark U+0022%x5C / ; \ reverse solidus U+005C%x2F / ; / solidus U+002F%x62 / ; b backspace U+0008%x66 / ; f form feed U+000C%x6E / ; n line feed U+000A%x72 / ; r carriage return U+000D%x74 / ; t tab U+0009%x75 4HEXDIG ) ; uXXXX U+XXXXescape = %x5C ; \quotation-mark = %x22 ; "unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
3. 编码
JSON文SHALL被编码为Unicode。缺省的编码为UTF-8。因为JSON文本的开头两个字符总是ASCII字符[RFC0020],我们可以通过查看前面4个字符的0部分,来判断8字节的流是UTF-8还是UTF-16(BE or LE),或者是UTF-32(BE or LE)。
- 00 00 00 xx UTF-32BE
00 xx 00 xx UTF-16BExx 00 00 00 UTF-32LExx 00 xx 00 UTF-16LExx xx xx xx UTF-8
4. 解析器
JSON解析器将JSON文本转换成其它的表现形式。它必须(MUST)能够接受符合JSON语法的所有文本。解析器也可以(MAY)接受非JSON的形式或一些扩展。实现中,可以设置限制它所接受的文本大小,可以限制JSON文本的最大深度,可以设置数的范围,也可以限制字符串中的字符长度。
5. 生成器
JSON生成器生成JSON文本。目标文本必须(MSUT)严格遵守JSON的语法。
6. IANA Considerations
JSON文本的MIME类型是application/json。类型名:application图表类型名:JSON必需的参数:n/a可选的参数:n/a编码选择: 8bit if UTF-8; binary if UTF-16 or UTF-32
- JSON may be represented using UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32. When JSON is written in UTF-8, JSON is 8bit compatible. When JSON is written in UTF-16 or UTF-32, the binary content-transfer-encoding must be used.
安全考虑:
- 脚本语言通常都有安全问题。JSON是JavaScript的子集,但是它是一个撤消了附值与调用的安全子集。
- JSON文本可以安全的传递个JavaScript的eval()函数。如果字符没有被装入JSON标记符中的标记中,这可以通过JavaScript的两个正则表达式,使用test和replace方法,来快速的判定。
var my_JSON_object = !(/[^,:{}\[\]0-9.\-+Eaeflnr-u \n\r\t]/.test(
text.replace(/"(\\.|[^"\\])*"/g, ''))) &&
eval('(' + text + ')');
互用性考虑: n/a
发布的规范: RFC 4627
使用该媒体类型的应用程序:
- JSON has been used to exchange data between applications written in all of these programming languages: ActionScript, C, C#, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, E, Erlang, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Objective CAML, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, and Scheme.
其它额外信息(略)
7. Security Considerations
参考第六节中的Security Considerations。
8. 例子
一个JSON对象:
- {
"Image": {"Width": 800,"Height": 600,"Title": "View from 15th Floor","Thumbnail": {"Url": "http://www.example.com/image/481989943","Height": 125,"Width": "100"},"IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]}}该对象的Image成员是一个对象,而Image的Thumbnail成员也是一个对象,且Image的IDs成员是一个数组。下面是一个包含两个对象JSON数组:
- [
{"precision": "zip","Latitude": 37.7668,"Longitude": -122.3959,"Address": "","City": "SAN FRANCISCO","State": "CA","Zip": "94107","Country": "US"},{"precision": "zip","Latitude": 37.371991,"Longitude": -122.026020,"Address": "","City": "SUNNYVALE","State": "CA","Zip": "94085","Country": "US"}]
9. 参考文献
9.1. 标准化参考
[ECMA] European Computer Manufacturers Association, "ECMAScript
Language Specification 3rd Edition", December 1999,
ecma-st/ECMA-262.pdf>.
[RFC0020] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", RFC 20,
October 1969.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard Version 4.0",
2003, http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/.
作者联系方式
Douglas Crockford
JSON.org
EMail: douglas@crockford.com
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