Java并发之线程的使用以及基本概念

线程定义

线程，有时被称为轻量级进程(Lightweight Process，LWP），是程序执行流的最小单元。一个标准的线程由线程ID，当前指令指针(PC），寄存器集合和堆栈组成。如果没有明确的协同机制，线程将彼此独立执行。每一个程序都至少有一个线程，若程序只有一个线程，那就是程序本身。

线程是进程中的一个实体，是被系统独立调度和分派的基本单位，线程自己不拥有系统资源，只拥有一点儿在运行中必不可少的资源，但它可与同属一个进程的其它线程共享进程所拥有的全部资源（共享进程的内存地址空间），因此这些线程都能访问相同的变量并在同一个堆上分配对象，这就需要实现一种比在进程间共享数据粒度更细的数据共享机制。如果没有这种同步机制，在多线程的情况下会出现无法预料的后果。

一个线程可以创建和撤消另一个线程，同一进程中的多个线程之间可以并发执行。由于线程之间的相互制约，致使线程在运行中呈现出间断性。线程也有就绪、阻塞和运行三种基本状态。就绪状态是指线程具备运行的所有条件，逻辑上可以运行，在等待处理机；运行状态是指线程占有处理机正在运行；阻塞状态是指线程在等待一个事件（如某个信号量），逻辑上不可执行。

线程是程序中一个单一的顺序控制流程。进程内一个相对独立的、可调度的执行单元，是系统独立调度和分派CPU的基本单位指运行中的程序的调度单位。在单个程序中同时运行多个线程完成不同的工作，称为多线程。

java中的线程

一个Java程序的入口是main方法，通过调用main方法开始执行，然后按照代码逻辑执行，看似没有其他线程参与，其实java程序天生就是多线程程序，执行一个main方法其实就是一个名为mian的线程和其他线程分别执行，参考代码如下：

代码（参考java并发编程艺术）

package com.sunld;import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;import java.lang.management.ThreadInfo;
import java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean;/**
 * @Title: TestMainThread.java
 * @Package com.sunld
 * <p>Description:</p>
 * @author sunld
 * @version V1.0.0 
 * <p>CreateDate:2017年9月28日 下午3:54:19</p>
*/public class TestMainThread {

    public static void main(String[] args) {        // 获取Java线程管理MXBean
        ThreadMXBean threadMXBean = ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean();        // 不需要获取同步的monitor和synchronizer信息，仅获取线程和线程堆栈信息
        ThreadInfo[] threadInfos = threadMXBean.dumpAllThreads(false, false);        // 遍历线程信息，仅打印线程ID和线程名称信息
        for (ThreadInfo threadInfo : threadInfos) {
            System.out.println("[" + threadInfo.getThreadId() + "] " + 
                    threadInfo.getThreadName());
        }
    }
}

返回结果

[5] Attach Listener//附加监听
[4] Signal Dispatcher//分发处理发送给JVM信号的线程
[3] Finalizer//调用对象finalize方法的线程
[2] Reference Handler清除Reference的线程
[1] mainmain线程，用户程序入口

线程状态

源码定义

    /**
     * A thread state.  A thread can be in one of the following states:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
     *     A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
     *     A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
     *     A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
     *     is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
     *     A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
     *     perform a particular action is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
     *     A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
     *     for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
     *     A thread that has exited is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
     * These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
     * any operating system thread states.
     *
     * @since   1.5
     * @see #getState
     */
    public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        /**
         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
         * such as processor.
         */
        RUNNABLE,

        /**
         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
         */
        BLOCKED,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
         * following methods:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
         * perform a particular action.
         *
         * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
         * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
         * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
         */
        WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

状态转换图

状态说明

Java多线程的就绪、运行和死亡状态

就绪状态转换为运行状态：当此线程得到处理器资源；
运行状态转换为就绪状态：当此线程主动调用yield()方法或在运行过程中失去处理器资源。
运行状态转换为死亡状态：当此线程线程执行体执行完毕或发生了异常。
此处需要特别注意的是：当调用线程的yield()方法时，线程从运行状态转换为就绪状态，但接下来CPU调度就绪状态中的哪个线程具有一定的随机性，因此，可能会出现A线程调用了yield()方法后，接下来CPU仍然调度了A线程的情况。

由于实际的业务需要，常常会遇到需要在特定时机终止某一线程的运行，使其进入到死亡状态。目前最通用的做法是设置一boolean型的变量，当条件满足时，使线程执行体快速执行完毕（不在执行run方法）在后续的文章中会介绍如何安全的终止一个线程。。

状态分析–jvisualvm

代码-参考（java并发编程艺术）

package com.sunld;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;/**
 * @Title: TestThreadState.java
 * @Package com.sunld
 * <p>Description:</p>
 * @author sunld
 * @version V1.0.0 
 * <p>CreateDate:2017年9月28日 下午5:14:27</p>
*/public class TestThreadState {
    public static void main(String[] args) {        
    new Thread(new TimeWaiting (), "TimeWaitingThread").start();        
    new Thread(new Waiting(), "WaitingThread").start();        // 使用两个Blocked线程，一个获取锁成功，另一个被阻塞
        new Thread(new Blocked(), "BlockedThread-1").start();        
        new Thread(new Blocked(), "BlockedThread-2").start();
    }    //该线程不断地进行睡眠
    static class TimeWaiting implements Runnable{
        @Override        
        public void run() {
            SleepUtils.second(100);
        }
    }    //该线程在Waiting.class实例上等待
    static class Waiting implements Runnable{

        @Override        
        public void run() {            
        while (true) {
                synchronized (Waiting.class) {                    
                try {
                        Waiting.class.wait();
                    }catch(InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }    //该线程在Blocked.class实例上加锁后，不会释放该锁
    static class Blocked implements Runnable {

        @Override        public void run() {
            synchronized (Blocked.class) {                
            while (true) {
                    SleepUtils.second(100);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}class SleepUtils{
    public static final void second(long seconds) {        
    try {
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(seconds);
        }catch(InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

dump结果

2017-09-28 17:26:47Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (25.112-b15 mixed mode):

//BlockedThread-2线程获取到了Blocked.class的锁"BlockedThread-2" #13 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f268000 nid=0x3754 waiting on condition [0x000000002009f000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (sleeping)

//BlockedThread-1线程阻塞在获取Blocked.class示例的锁上"BlockedThread-1" #12 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f266800 nid=0x89c waiting for monitor entry [0x000000001ff9f000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor)

//WaitingThread线程在Waiting实例上等待"WaitingThread" #11 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f260800 nid=0x4d08 in Object.wait() [0x000000001fe9f000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor)

//TimeWaitingThread线程处于超时等待"TimeWaitingThread" #10 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f25f000 nid=0x42ac waiting on condition [0x000000001fd9e000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (sleeping)

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